“Measure What Matters”: The Challenges Brought by Non-Categorisation of Gender-Based Violence and Femicide as a Crime at Higher Education Institutions, South Africa
Keywords:
Gender-Based Violence and Femicide; Higher Education Institutions; South African Police Service; Training
Abstract
Crime in South Africa is categorised in a way that no two crimes can carry the same meaning. Hence, the crime of theft does not relate to the crime of house robbery. Gender-based violence and femicide (GBVF), is a very serious crime that is not categorised as a crime on its own, but is a crime which is identified through other crimes. This paper investigates the impact of the lack of categorisation of GBVF as a crime. The reviewed literature outlined a sense of confusion by the higher education institutions (HEIs) when addressing this crime. There is a sense of misunderstanding on which crimes constitute to be identified as GBVF, since GBVF is not categorised as a crime in the South African Police Service (SAPS) statistics. The reviewed literature outlined that GBVF has developed, and evolved overtime and it now has many terms that associate with it, these terms can range from domestic violence, intimate partner violence (IPV), violence against women (VAW), and attacks on the lesbians gays bisexuals transgender queer questioning and intersex community (LGBTQI). From the findings and recommendations, HEIs can be able to better respond to cases of GBVF on campus.
References
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Gorris, E. & Touquet, H. (2016). Out of the shadows? The inclusion of men and boys in conceptualisations of wartime sexual violence. Reproductive Health Matters, 2(4), 16–36.
Gravelin, C., Biernat, M., & Bucher, C. (2019). Blaming the victim of acquaintance rape: individual, situational, and sociocultural factors. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1–22.
Guerrero, A., C´ardenas, J. G., Romero, V. & Ayma, V. H. (2021). Comparison of classifiers models for prediction of intimate partner violence. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 128(9), 469–488.
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Hearn, J. & Howson, R. (2019). The institutionalization of (critical) studies on men and masculinities: Geopolitical perspectives. Routledge international handbook of masculinity studies, 1(2), 41–51.
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Hull, D., Sheplavy, E. & Hull, J. (2015). The role of knowledge of the law in percep¬tions of sexual violence. North American Journal of Psychology, 17, 251–268.
Javaid, A. (2018). Male rape, masculinities, and sexualities. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 5(2), 185–210.
Jones, S. S., Boocock, K. & Underhill-Sem, Y. (2013). “[PDF] beingHaRasseD? Accessing information about sexual harassment in New Zealand’s universities. Women’s Studies Journal, 27(1), 36-48.
Joseph, J. (2015). Sexual harassment in tertiary institutions: A comparative perspective. TEMIDA, 3(2), 125–144.
Kapur R. (2013). Gender, sovereignty, and the rise of a sexual security regime in international law and postcolonial India. Melbourne Journal of International Law, 14(2), 317–345.
Kessi, S. & Boonzaier, F. (2018). Centring decolonial feminist psychology in Africa. South African Journal of Psychology, 48(3), 299–329.
Kritz, B. (2014). The global transgender population and the International Criminal Court. Yale Human Rights and Development Law Journal, 17(1), 1–38.
Kaur, B. & Ahuja. L. (2019). Crime against women: Analysis and prediction using data mining techniques. Com-IT-Con, 2(1), 20–49.
Landström, S., Strömwall, L. A. & Alfredsson, H. (2016). Blame attributions in sexual crimes: Effects of belief in a just world and victim behaviour, Nordic Psychology, 68, 2–11.
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Llamas, C. F. (2013). Intervention from social work with men convicted of intimate partner violence in Spanish prisons. Revista de Trabajoy Acción Social, 52, 9–30.
Lopes, C. (2016). Intimate partner violence: A helpful guide to legal and psychosocial support services. South African Medical Journal, 106(10): 996–968. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/samj/v106n10/13.pdf. Accessed on: 19/11/2021.
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who_have_experienced_abuse_final-web.pdf. Accessed on: 20/11/2020.
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Makama, R., Helman, R., Titi, N. & Day, S. (2019). The danger of a single feminist narrative: African-centred decolonial feminism for Black men. Agenda, 33(3), 1–9.
Mamaru, A., Getachew, K. & Mohammed, Y. (2015). Prevalence of physical, verbal and nonverbal sexual harassments and their association with psychological distress among Jimma University female students: A cross-sectional study. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 2(5), 29–38.
Maquibar, A., Hurtig, A., Vives-Cases, C., Estalella, I. & Goicolea, I. (2018). Nursing students’ discourses on gender-based violence and their training for a comprehensive healthcare response: A qualitative study. Nurse Education Today, 6(8), 208–222.
Marsil, D. F. & McNamara, C. 2016. An examination of the disparity between self-identified versus legally identified rape victimization: A pilot study. Journal of American College Health, 6(4), 406-420.
Mogstad, H., Dryding, D. & Fiorotto O. (2016). Policing the private: Social barriers to the effective policing of domestic violence. South African Crime Quarterly, 56: June. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2016/v0n56a414. Accessed on: 20/11/2021.
Mokgatle, M. M. & Menoe, B. (2014). Prevalence of sexual coercion among students in an institution of higher learning in Gauteng Province, South Africa. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance (AJPHERD) Supplement, 1(2), 1–12.
Morrell, R. & Clowes, L. (2017). The growth of gender research in South Africa and Southern Theory. Gender Questions, 4(1), 1–18.
Norman, I. D., Aikins, M. & Binka, F. (2012). Traditional and contrapower sexual harassment in public universities and professional training institutes of Ghana. International Journal of Academic Research, 4, 85–95.
Oosterveld, V. (2014). Sexual violence directed against men and boys in armed conflict or mass atrocity: Addressing a gendered harm in international criminal tribunals. Journal of International Law and International Relations, 10, 107–128
Perez-Ramirez, M., Gimenez-Salinas Framis, A. & Espinosa, J. (2013). Efficacy of an intervention programme for court-ordered intimate partner offenders. Psychosocial Intervention, 22, 105–114.
Phipps, A., Ringrose, J., Renold, E. & Jackson, C. (2018). Rape culture, lad culture and everyday sexism: researching, conceptualizing and politicizing new mediations of gender and sexual violence, Journal of Gender Studies, 27(1), 1–8.
Potgieter, C., Eslen-Ziya, H. & Shefer, T. (2017). South African psychological work on boys, men and masculinities: Two decades of masculinity research post first democratic elections (1994–2011). Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 20(1), 176–200.
Puigvert, L., Valls, R., Garcia Yeste, C., Aguilar, C. & Merrill, B. (2019). Resistance to and transformations of gender-based violence in Spanish universities: A communicative evaluation of social impact. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 13(3), 361–380.
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Published
2022-09-13
How to Cite
Mofokeng, J. T., & Tlou, K. N. (2022). “Measure What Matters”: The Challenges Brought by Non-Categorisation of Gender-Based Violence and Femicide as a Crime at Higher Education Institutions, South Africa. International Journal of Social Science Research and Review, 5(9), 256-273. https://doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v5i9.619
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