International Journal of Social Science Research and Review

Perceptions of Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Among Forcibly Displaced Populations in Chad: An Analysis of Women's Specific Vulnerabilities

Hélène Kamdem Kamgno — 2025-10-30

Chad and its neighboring countries are facing a complex humanitarian crisis characterized by massive population displacement due to armed conflicts, intercommunal violence, and climate shocks. In 2023, Chad hosted over one million forcibly displaced persons, including 712,000 refugees and 400,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs). These populations, particularly women and girls, experience GBV at a significantly high rate of approximately 40% affected. Given the fragility of protection mechanisms and cultural barriers, this study addresses the urgent need to understand GBV perceptions in order to design responses tailored to local realities. The research analyzes sociodemographic and geospatial factors that may influence the GBV acceptance among forcibly displaced populations in Chad. By examining the role of migratory status, gender, access to services, and geographic location, the study seeks to capture how GBV is perceived to inform decision-making in future humanitarian interventions. The methodological approach employs a mixed-methods design (quantitative and qualitative). Quantitative analysis is based on a dataset of 5,409 individuals from the 2024 RMS Chad survey. Chi-square tests were applied to assess associations between variables. The qualitative component draws on individual and group interviews conducted with key informants during the same survey. Thematic analysis of interviews helped uncover the underlying cultural and social dimensions. Findings reveal that acceptance of GBV among forcibly displaced persons in Chad is shaped by complex dynamics where migratory status, local integration, and social norms interact. The study also highlights the need for differentiated interventions combining strengthened protection for vulnerable groups with transformation of patriarchal norms, beyond simple material approaches. These results call for rethinking humanitarian strategies in displacement contexts.

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Learning Language and Literature

Fatemeh Moradi — 2025-10-30

This study examined the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies on learning and teaching language and literature. It aimed to assess the potential of AI in improving learning processes and to provide solutions for integrating and combining this technology with traditional teaching methods. The background of the work includes recent advances in the fields of natural language processing, machine learning, and deep neural networks that have enabled more accurate analysis of literary texts and personalization of the learning experience. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, which incorporated both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The qualitative phase involved conducting semi-structured interviews with 20 professors and students of Persian literature. The collected data were then analyzed using qualitative content analysis. In the quantitative part, a questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale was given to 150 students, and the collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 25. The findings illuminated that the use of AI can significantly improve the process of learning Persian language and literature. For example, the use of AI-based recommender systems increased students' motivation to learn Persian language and study literary texts. Moreover, natural language processing algorithms helped identify different styles of authors and provide a deeper understanding of literary texts. The results of the study showed that artificial intelligence had significant potential to improve the process of learning Persian language and literature and improve the quality of education. However, there are also technical, cultural, and ethical challenges that need to be addressed.

Teachers’ Perspectives and Use of Artificial Intelligence in Pedagogy

Tiffany McBean — 2025-10-30

Artificial intelligence (AI) can be used in pedagogy in infinite ways. Specifically, AI provides a wide body of information quickly to support a variety of teachers’ needs such as planning, delivery, and feedback to facilitate deep learning. However, little is known about how artificial intelligence tools are integrated in schools. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore how teachers integrate artificial intelligence tools in pedagogy. The conceptual framework was Venkatesh‘s Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. Two research questions guided the study: What are teachers’ perspectives of AI in education, and how do teachers integrate AI in pedagogy? I conducted semi-structured interviews with 11 participants who taught in a K-12 learning environment for more than 2 years and used AI tools in their teaching practice. Six key findings emerged from the study under two themes - that artificial intelligence supports teachers both professionally and personally. Regarding professional support, I found that teachers perceived artificial intelligence as beneficial for supplementing the curriculum, generating ideas for instruction, assessment, and providing feedback. Regarding personal support, I found that utilizing artificial intelligence in pedagogy helped teachers alleviate burnout and teacher-related stress. This study supports the scholarly conversation about how teachers utilize artificial intelligence in instructional design to support teachers’ agency.

The Prohibition of Torture: From Absolute Prohibition to Conditional Permissibility in Light of Normative Ethical Theories

Hussain Sharifi Ziraksar — 2025-10-30

Torture, as an inhuman act, involves inflicting severe physical and psychological pain and suffering on an individual by state agents for the purpose of obtaining vital information, imposing punishment, or securing a confession. Despite its absolute prohibition in international instruments, in special circumstances such as the "ticking time bomb hypothesis," justifications are presented for the use of torture in the interest of national security or the preservation of social order. The present article, using a descriptive-analytical approach, examines the view of normative ethical systems on the prohibition of torture in exceptional circumstances. The research findings show that for followers of virtue ethics and deontological ethics, there is no moral justification for torture, even in emergency situations. In contrast, proponents of utilitarian ethics believe that torture can be used exceptionally, as the benefits gained from it outweigh the victim's pain. However, this argument is criticized and leads to the conclusion that accepting torture is in no way logical. Torture is not only impermissible, but its justification can lead to serious abuses.

A Study on the Socio-Economic Analysis and Social Challenges of Rohingya Refugees in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

Md. Saukat Hossain — 2025-11-05

The influx of Rohingya refugees into Bangladesh has had sweeping economic and social implications, especially in Cox’s Bazar, although hardly systematic research has focused on household-level conditions with respect to the wider socio-economic predicament. This missing link is the subject of this paper, where we explore how refugee households make a living and how these circumstances affect social stability, economic resources, and integration in the host society. Adopting a multi-method approach, primary data were collected among 204 refugee households through structured questionnaires that were complemented by focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and direct field observations, which were analyzed using regression and ANOVA models. The study shows that, despite low average household incomes and limited employment opportunities, high food expenditures and restricted access to health care, education, and safe housing generate vulnerability. Regression results suggest that household size, education, and the gender of the household head have significant influences on income and expenditure, while the social constraints, such as food security and risk of trafficking or strained relations between communities, work to destabilize. The paper concludes that the crisis will only further deteriorate human security and host-refugee relations in the absence of well-designed policy actions to address immediate needs and promote long-term livelihoods. These observations inform policy discussions by underlining the importance of moving towards inclusive development approaches, improved provision of services, and social cohesion programs that can provide scale-up opportunities.

Understanding the Perception of Kirana Store Owners Towards Online Grocery Platforms

Arjun Sangram Patil — 2025-11-05

The rapid expansion of online grocery platforms such as Zepto, Blinkit, and Swiggy Instamart has sparked many debates about their impact on traditional kirana stores, which have been an integral part of the Indian community. The present study aims to investigate the perceptions of kirana store owners and how their perception towards the growing presence of online platforms. A survey was conducted with 25 kirana store owners in Pune, Maharashtra, using structured questionnaires that combined both quantitative and qualitative elements. The findings revealed that many kirana store owners reported a noticeable decline in customer footfall and sales, with customers increasingly choosing the convenience of online ordering. To adapt, many shopkeepers introduced digital payment systems, home delivery, and phone or WhatsApp-based ordering, while a few experimented with their own apps. These findings suggest that although online platforms challenge kirana stores, they also push them towards modernisation and digital adoption. The implications extend to retail associations, and technology providers, highlighting the need for targeted support that ensures traditional and digital retail models coexist in a way that sustains small businesses while meeting evolving consumer needs.

The Strategic and Geopolitical Analysis of the Impact of Economic Power on Foreign Policy

Sıddık Arslan — 2025-11-05

In the contemporary international system evolving toward multipolarity where economic competition tools intertwine with security policies, analyzing mechanisms through which economic power parameters shape foreign policy capacity holds critical importance. This research examines how gross domestic product, foreign trade volume, foreign exchange reserves, foreign direct investment, and technology production capability transform into diplomatic effectiveness. The study develops an original theoretical framework synthesizing structural realism, interdependence theory, and structural power theory, explaining the multilayered nature of the economic power-foreign policy relationship. This synthesis enables comprehensive understanding of material resources, relational asymmetry, and structural control dimensions. Employing systematic document analysis within qualitative research paradigm, content analysis of twenty-two fundamental sources and comparative examination of five critical cases were conducted. Methodological reliability was confirmed with Cohen's Kappa coefficient of zero point eighty-six. Findings demonstrate that six fundamental mechanisms confirm the hypothesis at an average rate of ninety-four point five percent (ranging from ninety-two to ninety-eight percent): creating economic influence through trade agreements, increasing voting weight in international financial institutions, strengthening alliances through strategic investments, enhancing bargaining power in negotiations, economic dependency limiting autonomy, and vulnerability to sanctions. US-Iran, China Belt-Road, Germany-Russia, Japan-Southeast Asia, and Saudi Arabia cases concretize geopolitical transformation of economic tools across diverse contexts. The study reveals that economic power stems from structural control capacity rather than material resources, economic dependency systematically limits strategic autonomy, and technological transformation redefines traditional parameters. Digital economy, artificial intelligence, and climate change necessitate updating the concept of economic power. The research transcends fragmented approaches in literature by offering an integrated analytical model and proposing trade diversification, technological independence, strategic reserve strengthening, and regional integration deepening strategies for preserving economic autonomy. Findings are supported by short, medium, and long-term policy recommendations, providing applicable tools for states to minimize economic vulnerabilities.

Buying Behaviour, Asset Management, and Financial Well-being among Young Adults in the Corporate Sector

Vedant Dhingra — 2025-11-06

This study explores the relationship between impulsive buying behavior, asset management practices, and financial well-being among young adults employed in the corporate sector. While rising incomes and lifestyle expectations have provided young professionals with greater financial independence, these same pressures often encourage short-term consumption at the expense of long-term security. Drawing on behavioral economics and household finance literature, the research investigates whether impulsive spending undermines financial well-being and whether asset management practices mediate this relationship. Using a sample of 102 corporate employees in Gurgaon, the study employed validated scales to measure impulsive buying, asset management, and financial well-being. Statistical analyses, including confirmatory factor analysis, ANOVA, t-tests, and mediation models, were used to examine demographic variations and structural relationships between constructs. The findings indicate that while impulsive buying is negatively associated with financial well-being, disciplined asset management significantly enhances financial outcomes and partially mediates the negative effects of impulsive consumption. Differences across age, income, and professional experience were also observed, with older and more experienced respondents demonstrating stronger asset management practices and higher financial well-being. These results align with prior research on self-control, consumption behavior, and life-cycle financial planning, while highlighting unique pressures within the corporate environment, such as social comparison and lifestyle maintenance. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of how behavioral and structural factors intersect in shaping financial attitudes, emphasising the importance of targeted financial literacy initiatives and organizational policies that encourage responsible financial practices among young professionals.

Financial Literacy and Buy Now Pay Later (BNPL): The Effect of Financial Awareness on Spending Habits

Devarsh Utkarsh Kshatri — 2025-11-06

Buy Now Pay Later (BNPL) services are a common source of payment for many individuals nowadays. The popularity and the usage of BNPL services in India is growing at a rapid pace. For safe usage of BNPL services, knowledge and implications about BNPL is crucial. This study assesses the relationship between BNPL usage and financial literacy of users in India. Primary data was collected from 42 participants from Gujarat, India using questions from the Financial Literacy and Inclusion in India survey 2023 about financial literacy which was conducted by the National Institute of Securities Market. This measured financial literacy across three parameters: financial knowledge, financial attitude and financial behaviour. Statistical techniques such as t-tests, correlation and regression analysis were used to analyze and draw inferences from the data. The analysis showed similar levels of financial literacy among both women and men. A strong positive correlation between financial literacy and BNPL knowledge was found indicating the importance of financial literacy in the responsible usage of BNPL services. Regression analysis further supported the role of financial literacy in high BNPL knowledge. The findings highlight the need for initiatives in schools and other institutions for educating people on financial literacy which will help in making rational decisions about services such as BNPL. Specific financial literacy initiatives for different demographics will help to provide an effective solution to prevent overspending or reckless spending due to BNPL usage. Boosting the overall financial literacy of people will lead to better financial decisions, leading to better financial conditions and boosted welfare for citizens.

Identity Loss in Chinese Married Women

Chao Tang — 2025-11-06

The identity of married women in China has elicited heated discussion. While this topic is hotly debated, few academic studies have investigated discursive representations of this phenomenon on social media platforms. To fill this gap, this study employs keyword analysis with legitimation as the theoretical framework, using corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis to investigate the reasons behind and the identity loss underlying discourses of married women on Zhihu, one of the most popular online forums in China. The findings suggest those women's identity is influenced by reasons behind their natal, in-law, and nuclear families; thus, they are identified as having different roles. This indicates the ideological implication that a Chinese married woman has no sense of home. Various discursive strategies are employed in the discourse, most notably authorisation, moral evaluation, and rationalisation. Findings underscore the current status and predicament of femininity in contemporary Chinese society and highlight the ideological implications rooted in patriarchy.

Surveilled Girlhoods and the Patriarchal Bargain: The Price of Education for Bangladeshi Women

Subata Zannat Riya — 2025-11-06

This paper examines the complex intersections of surveillance, patriarchy, and higher education in the lives of Bangladeshi women, theorizing how girlhood and marriage become sites of negotiation within oppressive structures. Drawing on Michel Foucault’s notion of the panopticon and Sandra Bartky’s analysis of gendered discipline, it explores how surveillance of women’s mobility, bodies, and voices is internalized from childhood, producing docile, compliant subjects in the name of familial honor. Yet, for many young women, access to higher education often comes through Deniz Kandiyoti’s concept of the patriarchal bargain: marriage becomes both a condition and a constraint for academic pursuit. While marriage offers a temporary escape from parental control, it reinforces a deeper entrapment—expectations of domestic labor, reproductive coercion, and the “triple burden” of student, wife, and mother. The paper further employs Judith Butler’s theory of performativity to analyze how “good girlhood” is enacted through repetitive acts of obedience across familial and academic spheres. Despite these constraints, women continue to resist through everyday acts of perseverance, education, and intellectual pursuit, revealing how feminist, reproductive, and economic justice remain intertwined. By centering these lived contradictions, the paper highlights the structural costs of women’s education in Bangladesh and reimagines resistance within patriarchal contexts.

An Examination of the Impact of the Exchange Rate on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Afghanistan Utilizing a Vector Autoregression (VAR) Model

Mohammad Hadi Poya — 2025-10-30

Given that the exchange rate is considered one of the most pivotal macroeconomic variables, and its fluctuations exert a considerable influence on other economic indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and inflation, the primary objective of this research is to examine the impact of the exchange rate on Afghanistan's GDP. This investigation utilizes data spanning the period 1385-1399 (Solar Hijri, corresponding to approximately 2006-2020 Gregorian) and employs a Vector Autoregression (VAR) model. The empirical findings reveal a statistically significant negative relationship between the exchange rate variable and Gross Domestic Product. This significance is primarily attributed to increased imports, particularly of luxury goods, and the consequent currency outflow from the country. Furthermore, significant positive correlations are established between GDP and both exports and gross fixed capital formation. This implies that fostering export growth and augmenting gross fixed capital formation, with a strategic focus on enhancing the global competitiveness of exportable goods, coupled with diligent governmental attention to supplying requisite machinery and equipment to active economic entities, can be conducive to positive economic performance.

Climate Vulnerability in the Shadow of Gender, Age, Poverty and Location Nexus

Vidhi Singhal — 2025-10-30

Climate change is universally recognized as an environmental and economic crisis, but its social manifestations bear greater inequalities. This research explores how climate change disproportionately affects adolescent girls belonging to low-income urban and rural settlements in Delhi, India, and how gender, age, poverty, and location intersect to configure their vulnerabilities. Whereas previous research tends to conflate adolescent girls in a category of "women and girls," few studies focus on their special issues. This study employs the qualitative method using secondary materials and primary data from questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to present the lived realities of adolescent girls in flood- and drought-prone areas. Evidence shows that climate change exacerbates gender violence, interferes with education, adds more household and income-generating tasks for girls, and undermines their physical, psychological, and reproductive health. All these impacts tend to create a poverty cycle, food insecurity, and early marriage. This study brings to the forefront the imperative for gender-sensitive climate adaptation policies that emphasize resilient WASH infrastructure, accessible health care, secure schooling, and social protection arrangements. These connected issues must be addressed to construct equitable, climate-resilient futures.

The Third Republic: Order and Progress in the Face of Hybrid War

Dr. Sadri RAMABAJA — 2025-10-30

The Republic of Kosova declared its independence on February 17, 2008. It was a compromise between the right to self-determination and unification with its mother – the Republic of Albania and the geopolitical interests of the partners who contributed to its liberation from Serbian colonialism. In this study, we will shed light on the new political discourse in Kosova. The subject of the treatment is the new political platform promoted by the Vetëvendosje Movement, a force that could be qualified as a progressive left, built on three pillars: national sovereignty, social justice and civic democracy. Kosova is now going through the real process of state formation through what will be described by history as the 3rd Republic. This process requires a deeply progressive political culture, to be crowned without conflicting with the vital interests of the nation, but without harming the geopolitical interests of our Western partners. What unites Albanians with the Perednim, in this case specifically Kosova as part of the corpus of Albanian civilization, is the capacity for self-criticism and self-correction. In this plan, we conclude that the future of Albanians will not be determined only by external circumstances, but also by their ability to produce a sustainable, just and authentic governance model. Vetëvendosje has opened a path; the challenge is whether it can keep it open and turn it into a common path for the entire Albanian nation.

Community Service and its Impact on High School Students

Arshia Kashyap — 2025-11-06

There is a growing insensitivity towards social issues- people joke about them and declare themselves apolitical. This attitude has affected school-going children, where islamophobia, casteism, sexism, racism and queerphobia are joked about, often with a nagging apathy. As a student myself, it is not rare to see communities be targeted under the guise of banter. Miseducation, propaganda and polarisation are relevant concerns. Muslim students became the victims of bullying post the bomb threats in Delhi schools, and slurs are commonly used. Community service then becomes a useful tool. It is not about sporadic food donation or plantation drives, rather, it is about regular community outreach and integration, especially those in a different strata of society. It is about power sharing and pooling our resources to extract maximum benefit for all. It is important to note that concentration of privilege and resources leads to polarisation and insensitivity in the first place. Lastly, community service is a two-way street. It is not just the ‘disadvantaged’ that are being helped, it is also those who perform the act of community service- learning how to be more sensitive and empathetic. We take as much as we give, thereby establishing a relationship of mutual benefit.

Keywords: community service, high school students, impact, privileges, inequality

Storytelling of Benjor Coffee: A Social Portrait of the East Malang Community, Indonesia

Latifatul Izzah — 2025-11-07

This study examines the coffee plantation community in Benjor Village, Tumpang District, East Malang, which has rarely been the subject of academic inquiry. The main problem lies in the lack of historical documentation and socio-economic narratives that shape the identity of the local community. The research employs the historical method through the stages of heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography, combined with an oral history and storytelling approach. The findings reveal that coffee functions not only as an economic commodity but also as a force shaping social structures, cultural values, and the collective identity of the community transmitted across generations. Preservation efforts through sustainable farming practices and the strengthening of village institutions have the potential to support the development of creative economies and history-based cultural tourism.

The Impact of Microinsurance on Post-Disaster Recovery Time: Evidence from Vulnerable Households in Bangladesh

Syed Lutful Kabir Chowdhury — 2025-10-30

This study explores how microinsurance can help strengthen the economic resilience of poor households in rural Bangladesh after natural disasters. By analyzing data from 200 households affected by a cyclone, we used a Logit (logistic regression) model to look at how microinsurance impacts the chances of recovery, specifically focusing on whether households can fully recover within six months. In our analysis, we considered several socio-economic factors, such as household size, education level, asset value and income. Our findings indicate that microinsurance significantly increases the likelihood of a timely recovery, suggesting a strong causal link, which we further confirmed through additional robustness checks. These results highlight that microinsurance not only helps households recover more quickly after a disaster but also reduces their vulnerability to future shocks, thereby strengthening their overall resilience. This research offers important insights for policymakers, pointing to the necessity of expanding inclusive insurance schemes to enhance disaster resilience in vulnerable communities.

Urbanization in the Himalayan Region: Transformation and Effects in Uttarakhand, India

Alvira Tripathi — 2025-11-07

Urbanisation in the mountainous regions is occurring at a rapid pace, and the Himalayan region is not an exception to this. Urbanization in the region has implications on the natural resources, landscapes, land use, people’s lives and livelihoods, their beliefs, practices, the social and gender relations, and their relations and interaction with the natural resources. In the Uttarakhand state of India, unplanned and unregulated urbanisation has spread rapidly mainly due to three key factors: administrative, economic in the form of tourism and rural-urban migration. Such urbanization has come with a host of effects and transformations that are both advantageous and disadvantageous for the area and its peoples. The rise in tourism and particularly the development of religious tourism has had positive impacts on the socio-economic situation of the people with the opening up of employment in the hospitality sector. But more profound are the negative effects and impacts on the natural resources due to urbanisation. Decline and degradation of natural resources and disruption of key ecological processes is a serious concern, which has led to decrease in availability of water that is being felt by the people both in urban and peri-urban areas. Furthermore, with the changing climatic conditions, unregulated deforestation and construction in the fragile slopes in seeing increased instances of and severity of natural hazards like floods and landslides. The physical landscape and people’s lives and livelihoods are undergoing transformations as a result of urbanisation in the area. Against this context, this study examines the implications and effects of urbanisation on the socio-cultural norms and practices among the mountain communities of Uttarakhand, India. Specifically, this paper explores the changes that have occurred in the socio-cultural norms and practices of the mountain communities due to urbanisation and its possible implications for the communities and the region.

The Financial Model of the Indian Premier League and Its Applicability to Other Sports Leagues in India: A Comparative Study of Cricket, Kabaddi, and Badminton

Aarav Chhabra — 2025-11-07

The sports industry in India has experienced rapid growth since the establishment of leagues such as the Indian Premier League (IPL), the Pro Kabaddi League (PKL), and the Premier Badminton League (PBL). Although these leagues have gained substantial popularity, researchers have not yet fully examined their financial sustainability, as well as their commercialization approaches. The research investigates this issue through an examination of league design and revenue streams, as well as player payment systems and spectator interaction strategies, to identify factors that lead to profitability and sustainable operations. The research indicates that IPL operates as a highly successful global league with strong institutional backing, while PKL experiences moderate growth in India; however, PBL faces financial and structural obstacles, despite showcasing professional players. The study focuses solely on specific leagues and utilizes publicly accessible financial information, which limits its scope. This suggests that researchers should conduct further studies on new Indian sports leagues.

Handling of Juvenile Crimes Based on Lampung Megou Pak Tulang Bawang Customary Law

Tri Nurhidayati — 2025-11-07

In August 2023, the number of children in conflict with the law reached nearly 2,000. Of these, 1,467 were detained and undergoing trial, while 526 were serving sentences as prisoners. The concept of criminal responsibility for children is not only based on the juvenile criminal justice system (SPPA), but can also be based on customary law or Living Law. Living law has been recognized by Indonesia in Article 2 of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code. The research method used in this study is qualitative research with a sociolegal research approach. This study aims to analyze and understand the concept of handling juvenile crime according to the perspective of Lampung Megou Pak Tulang Bawang customary law. Handling juvenile crime according to the perspective of Lampung Megou Pak Tulang Bawang customary law can be done. The handling of juvenile crime based on Lampung Megou Pak Tulang Bawang customary law is carried out through the Lampung Megou Pak Tulang Bawang customary court process called Peppung. There are three stages in Peppung, namely the pre-peace stage, the peace stage, and the post-peace stage. The recommendations that can be given in this study are that there needs to be public education for the Megou Pak Tulang Bawang indigenous community, and rehabilitation and reintegration programs for victims and children as perpetrators must be designed with consideration for local cultural and customary aspects.

Buxi Jagabandhu and the Paika Rebellion of 1817

Tanutrushna Panigrahi — 2025-11-10

This article revisits the Paika Rebellion of 1817 through the twin lenses of political economy and vernacular memory, centring the figure of Buxi Jagabandhu. The rebellion, centred in Khurda and neighboring regions of Odisha, represents one of the earliest significant resistances to the East India Company’s administration in eastern India. Traditionally celebrated as the heroic fight led by Buxi Jagabandhu Bidyadhara Mohapatra Bhramarbar Ray, the rebellion is often considered as “India’s first war of independence.” Yet a closer scholarly inquiry reveals a more complex picture of the event which cannot be reduced to a singular nationalist narrative. The paper argues that while the rebellion has recently been invoked as a proto-nationalist anticolonial uprising, a closer reading shows it was a heterogeneous conflation of military, peasant, tribal, and elite restorative impulses responding to local grievances, notably the disruption of the entitlements of land-tenures (niskar/jagir) and administrative encroachments by the East India Company. By juxtaposing colonial documentation, regional sources, and recent scholarship, the paper reframes the Paika Rebellion of Odisha as a complex historical phenomenon than it has been portrayed for long. The article concludes by suggesting historiographical and methodological moves for future work: integrate micro-archival evidence, oral/vernacular sources, and comparative perspectives on early nineteenth-century insurgencies in eastern India.

The Theory of Deterrence and Its Place in the Foreign Policy of the Islamic State from the Perspective of Holy Quran

Mohammad Naim Mohammadi — 2025-10-30

The theory of deterrence is considered one of the most important theories of international relations and strategic studies after World War II, especially during the Cold War. During this period, with the acquisition of nuclear weapons by great powers, states and the global order faced new threats. Therefore, states needed to design new systems to manage and control these threats, and the theory of deterrence emerged as the most important system for managing and controlling these threats. In this regard, the purpose of the present article is to examine the place of deterrence in the foreign policy of the Islamic state from the perspective of the Holy Quran and to answer the fundamental question of what place does the theory of deterrence have in the foreign policy of the Islamic state from the perspective of the Holy Quran?

Role of Constitutional Patriotism in Pakistan’s National Integration

Shakir Ullah — 2025-10-30

In this research study, I investigated the issue of national integration in Pakistan. Academically, a huge attempt has been made to solve the problem. Almost all are concerned with the challenges, problems, and federation; none is concerned with applying the most viable constitutional strategy to the solution of the problem. Furthermore, theoretically, I analyzed constitutional patriotism, a mechanism that has been successful in several countries in promoting national integration. The literature available on the cases has been analyzed and generalized to the study at hand. Hereafter, the question framed to be answered is: to what extent does constitutional patriotism serve as a framework for promoting national integration in Pakistan, considering the country's ethnic, linguistic, and religious diversity? To answer these questions, I have explained the nature of the problem and then described Pakistan’s constitution in a way that allows for flexibility and adaptability to the key essentials of the constitutional patriotism model. The study is highly significant because it claims to be the first to address the problem within the framework.