Role of Constitutional Patriotism in Pakistan’s National Integration
Keywords:
Constitutional Patriotism; Ethno-Nationalism; Collective National Identity; Civic Culture
Abstract
In this research study, I investigated the issue of national integration in Pakistan. Academically, a huge attempt has been made to solve the problem. Almost all are concerned with the challenges, problems, and federation; none is concerned with applying the most viable constitutional strategy to the solution of the problem. Furthermore, theoretically, I analyzed constitutional patriotism, a mechanism that has been successful in several countries in promoting national integration. The literature available on the cases has been analyzed and generalized to the study at hand. Hereafter, the question framed to be answered is: to what extent does constitutional patriotism serve as a framework for promoting national integration in Pakistan, considering the country's ethnic, linguistic, and religious diversity? To answer these questions, I have explained the nature of the problem and then described Pakistan’s constitution in a way that allows for flexibility and adaptability to the key essentials of the constitutional patriotism model. The study is highly significant because it claims to be the first to address the problem within the framework.
References
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Burgess, M. (2006). Comparative Federalism: Theory and Practice. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/ 9780415364553
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Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications.
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Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2011). The Sage handbook of qualitative research. Sage Publications.
Dhulipala, V. (2015). Creating a New Madina: State Power, Islam and Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India. Combridge University Press. https://doi.org/9781316615379
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Fossum, J. E. (2007). On the Prospects for a Viable Constitutional Patriotism in Complex multinational Entities: Canada and European European Union Compared. Academia.edu.
Fraser, D. (1990). The Fragility of Law: Constitutional Patriotism and The Jews Laws of Belgium, 1940-1945.
Fukuyama, F. (2014). Identity: Contemporary Identity Politics and the Struggle for Recognition. Profile Books. https://doi.org/978_1781259801
Fukuyama, F. (2014). Identity: Contemprory Identity Politics and the Struggle for Recognition. New York: Frarrar, Straus and Garoux.
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Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. Handbook of qualitative research, 2, 105-117.
Habermas, J. ( 1998). The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory. MIT Press.
Habermas, J. (1962). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. MIT Press.
Habermas, J. (1991). Struggles for Recognition in the Democratic Constitutional State. In C. Taylor, Multiculutralism and the Politics of Recognition (pp. 107- 147). Combrage : MIT Press.
Habermas, J. (1992). Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. MIT Press. https://doi.org/9780262581622
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Jalal, A. (1994). The Sole Spokes Man: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demond for Pakistan. Combridge University Press.
Kelly, N. (2015). The History and Culture of Pakistan. Combridge University Press.
Khan, A. (2019). Pakistan's Ethnic Fault Lines.
Khan, G. (2014). Politics of nationalism, federalism, and separatism: The case of Balochistan in Pakistan. University of Westminister. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.34737/967w9
Khan, H. (2013). Constitutional Political History of Pakistan. Oxford University Press.
Khan, H. (2024). Legal Systen of Pakistan. Oxford University Press.
Khan, M. (2018). Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Pakistan. Journal of Conflict Studies, 1, 38.
Khan, M. (2024, August ). Regional disparities eating financial dust. DAWN.
Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International.
Laborde, C. (2002). From Constitutional to Civic Patriotism. British Journal of Political Science, 4(32), 591-612.
Lackovic, S. (2007). Constitutional Patriotism as an Alternative to Nationalist Construction of Polity. Central European University.
Lacroix, J. ( 2002 ). For a European Constitutional Patriotism. Political Studies journal, 50(5), 944-958. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00402
Levesque, J. (2013). Managing Diversity in Pakistan: Nationalism, Ethnic Politics and Cultural Resistance. Open Edition Journal, https://doi.org/10.4000/samaj.3551.
Lijphart, A. (1999). Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries. Yale University Press. https://doi.org/978-0-300-07893-0
Lijphart, A. (2004). Constitutional design for divided societies. Journal of Deocracy.
Lodhi, M. (2013). Pakistan: Beyond the Crisis State. Oxford University Press.
Majeed, G. (2014). Problems of National Integration in Pakistan. Journal of Political Studies, Vol. 21( Issue - 2), , 67:79.
Michelman, F. I. (1999). Morality, Identity and Constitutional Patriotism. Denver Law Review, volum 76. Montesquieu, B. d. (1748). The Spirit of Law. Combridge University Press.
Müller, J. (2006). . On the Origins of Constitutional Patriotism. Contemporary Political Theory,. Retrieved from https://www.princeton.edu/~jmueller/CPTCP-Origins-JWMueller.pdf.
Muller, J.-W. (2007). Constitutional Patriotism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Munir, M. (1954). Punjab Disturbances Court of Inquiry . Law and Justice Commission of Pakistan.
Musharraf, P. (2006). In the Line of Fire: A Memoir .
Mushtaq, M. (2009). Managing ethnic diversity and federalism in Pakistan. European Journal publishing, vol. 33 no. 2(1450), pp.279.294.
Nazir, M. (2008). Problems and issues of federalism in Pakistan. pp. 1-2.
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics Report . (2020). Main Findings Report on Pakistan Demographic Survey . Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods. Sage Publications.
PILDAT. (2020). Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transperency Repoort on the representation of Minority Communities in the National Assembly.
Rais, R. (2012). Balochistan Pakage: Redefining federalism in Pakistan. Retrieved from www.civiceducation.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/.../Balochistan-Packagepaper.
Reporters Without Borders (RSF). (2024). World Press Freedom Index .
RSIL, reoprt. (2025). 2025 Amendments ot The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act, 2016. Research Society of International Law.
Safvi, R. (2016). The Sufis of India . Hachette India.
Sainz, B. (2019). Constitutional Patriotism and the Spanish Constitutional Debate. Ciencia Política,, vol. 15 (November 29, 2020), 15(29), 225-248. https://doi.org/https:dialnet.uniriojaes
Sania Muneer & Saroj Kumar. (2024). Cause and Effect: The Factors that Make Pakistan's Military a Political Force. Observer Research Foundation(694).
Sayed, K. b. (1980). Politics in Pakistan: The Nature and Direction of Change. new York: Praeger.
Schwartz, A. (2017). Patriotism or Integrity? Constitutional Community in Divided Societies. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3( (Autumn 2011)), pp. 503-526.
SDPI Report. (2019). Social Diversity in Pakistan. Sustainable Development Policy Institute.
Shah, A. (2014). The Army and Democracy: Military Politics in Pakistan. Harvard University Press.
Shakirullah. (2024). Analysis of Identity Politics and Ethnic Conflicts in Pakistan Under the Theoritical Frameworks of 'Thymus' and 'Relative Deprivation': A Case of Ethnic Uprising of 'Hazarawal' in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Journal of Trends in Arts and Humanities, 1(1), Pp 7-12. https://doi.org/10.61784
Shakirullah et al. (2024). Structural Violance Against Christian Community in Pakistan: an Anlytical View their Social Status with Reference to Islam. Trends in Social Science and Humanity Research, 2(5), Pp63-67. https://doi.org/10.61784/tsshr3049
Syed Rizwan Haider & Bokhari . (2024). The Historical Analysis of National Integration in Pakistan case study of General Pervaiz Musharraf Era. Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, volume No.5, No.1(2791-0245), 229-239. https://doi.org/10-55737qissh6730007323
Taylor, C. (1994). Multiculturalism and Politics of Recognition. New Jersy: Princeton University Presss.
The Nation Report. (2024). Pakistan's democracy ranking drops six places in 2024: Report. THE NATION.
Uppal, J. Y. (2022). Collective Identity for Societal Building in the Light of the Teaching of Iqbal. World Journal of Social Science , 9(1), p26. https://doi.org/10.5430
Usmani, M. T. (2011). Hamara Maashi Nizam. Karachi : Maktaba Darul Uloom.
Usmani, T. (2017). Islam aur Siyasi Nazryat. Karachi: Maktaba Maariful Quran.
V. Braun & V. Clarke. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
Walker, L. (2009). Relative Deprivation: Specification, Development and Integration. Cambridge University Press.
Waseem, F. (2014). The Legacy of the colonial Projects of English Education in Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5, (11).
Waseem, M. (2025). Political Conflict In Pakistan. Hurst Publishers.
Whear, K. (1946). Federal Government. Oxford University Press.
Zaidi, S. A. (2015). Issues in Pakistan's Economy: A Political Economy Perspective. Oxford Publication Agency.
Zakaria, A. (1987). The Government and Politics of Malaysia. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
Ahmad, I. (2013). Pakistan: A Garrison State. Pluto Press.
Akbar, A. (2019). NaPolitics and Ethnic Identities: Cross Sectional Provincial Analysis of Human Security in Pakistan. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan.
Amin, S. (1974). Accumulation on a World Scale: A critique of the Theory of Under Develompent . Monthly Review Press.
Amnesty International. (2020). Pakistan: Human Rights in Pakistan.
Breda, V. (2017). Constitutional Patriotism. University of Southernqueensland: springer.
Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford University Press.
Burgess, M. (2006). Comparative Federalism: Theory and Practice. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/ 9780415364553
Calhoun, C. (2006). Constitutional patriotism and the public sphere: interests, identity, and solidarity in the integration of Europe. International journal of politics, culture, and society,, 18 (34), pp. 257-280.
Cohen. (2005).
Cohen, S. P. (2004). The idea of Pakistan. Washington D.C : Brooking Institution Press.
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications.
Democratic Matrix index. (2020). Ranking of Countries by Quality of Democracy.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2011). The Sage handbook of qualitative research. Sage Publications.
Dhulipala, V. (2015). Creating a New Madina: State Power, Islam and Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India. Combridge University Press. https://doi.org/9781316615379
Dicey, A. (1885). Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution.
Fossum, J. E. (2007). On the Prospects for a Viable Constitutional Patriotism in Complex multinational Entities: Canada and European European Union Compared. Academia.edu.
Fraser, D. (1990). The Fragility of Law: Constitutional Patriotism and The Jews Laws of Belgium, 1940-1945.
Fukuyama, F. (2014). Identity: Contemporary Identity Politics and the Struggle for Recognition. Profile Books. https://doi.org/978_1781259801
Fukuyama, F. (2014). Identity: Contemprory Identity Politics and the Struggle for Recognition. New York: Frarrar, Straus and Garoux.
Government of Pakistan. (1973). The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. Handbook of qualitative research, 2, 105-117.
Habermas, J. ( 1998). The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory. MIT Press.
Habermas, J. (1962). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. MIT Press.
Habermas, J. (1991). Struggles for Recognition in the Democratic Constitutional State. In C. Taylor, Multiculutralism and the Politics of Recognition (pp. 107- 147). Combrage : MIT Press.
Habermas, J. (1992). Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. MIT Press. https://doi.org/9780262581622
Habermas, J. (1992). Citizenship and National Identity." In Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. MIT Press.
Habermas, J. (1996). Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Habermas, J. (1996). Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. . Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Hamid Khan & Waqar Rana. (2022). Comparative Constitutional Law. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/9780190709723
Haqqani, H. (2018). Reimaging Pakistan: Transforming a Dysfunctional Nuclear State . HrperCollins.
Hiro, D. (2020). Cold War in the Islamic World: Saudi Arabia, Iran, and the Struggle for Supremacy. Hurst.
Human Rights Watch. (2020). World Report 2020: Pakistan.
Hussain, K. A. (2021). atahe acaompulsions of Power: a Biography of General Aslam Baig. archive.org.
International Crisis Group. (2019). Pakistan: The Balochistan Conundrum.
Islam, M. N. (1990). Pakistan: A study of National Integration. Vanguard.
J.Velasco. (2002). Patriotismo Constitucional y Republicanismo. Claves de Razón Práctica. Retrieved fromhttps://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/9814/3/Patriotismo%20constitucional%20y%20patriotismo%20-%20Claves%202002.pdf.
Jaffrelot, C. (2002). Pakistan: nationalism without a nation? Washington: Zed Books.
Jaffrelot, C. (2015). The Pakistan Parodox: Instability and resiliance .
Jahan, R. (1972). Pakistan: failure in national integration. Dacca: Columbia university press.
Jalal, A. (1994). The Sole Spokes Man: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demond for Pakistan. Combridge University Press.
Kelly, N. (2015). The History and Culture of Pakistan. Combridge University Press.
Khan, A. (2019). Pakistan's Ethnic Fault Lines.
Khan, G. (2014). Politics of nationalism, federalism, and separatism: The case of Balochistan in Pakistan. University of Westminister. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.34737/967w9
Khan, H. (2013). Constitutional Political History of Pakistan. Oxford University Press.
Khan, H. (2024). Legal Systen of Pakistan. Oxford University Press.
Khan, M. (2018). Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Pakistan. Journal of Conflict Studies, 1, 38.
Khan, M. (2024, August ). Regional disparities eating financial dust. DAWN.
Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International.
Laborde, C. (2002). From Constitutional to Civic Patriotism. British Journal of Political Science, 4(32), 591-612.
Lackovic, S. (2007). Constitutional Patriotism as an Alternative to Nationalist Construction of Polity. Central European University.
Lacroix, J. ( 2002 ). For a European Constitutional Patriotism. Political Studies journal, 50(5), 944-958. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00402
Levesque, J. (2013). Managing Diversity in Pakistan: Nationalism, Ethnic Politics and Cultural Resistance. Open Edition Journal, https://doi.org/10.4000/samaj.3551.
Lijphart, A. (1999). Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries. Yale University Press. https://doi.org/978-0-300-07893-0
Lijphart, A. (2004). Constitutional design for divided societies. Journal of Deocracy.
Lodhi, M. (2013). Pakistan: Beyond the Crisis State. Oxford University Press.
Majeed, G. (2014). Problems of National Integration in Pakistan. Journal of Political Studies, Vol. 21( Issue - 2), , 67:79.
Michelman, F. I. (1999). Morality, Identity and Constitutional Patriotism. Denver Law Review, volum 76. Montesquieu, B. d. (1748). The Spirit of Law. Combridge University Press.
Müller, J. (2006). . On the Origins of Constitutional Patriotism. Contemporary Political Theory,. Retrieved from https://www.princeton.edu/~jmueller/CPTCP-Origins-JWMueller.pdf.
Muller, J.-W. (2007). Constitutional Patriotism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Munir, M. (1954). Punjab Disturbances Court of Inquiry . Law and Justice Commission of Pakistan.
Musharraf, P. (2006). In the Line of Fire: A Memoir .
Mushtaq, M. (2009). Managing ethnic diversity and federalism in Pakistan. European Journal publishing, vol. 33 no. 2(1450), pp.279.294.
Nazir, M. (2008). Problems and issues of federalism in Pakistan. pp. 1-2.
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics Report . (2020). Main Findings Report on Pakistan Demographic Survey . Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods. Sage Publications.
PILDAT. (2020). Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transperency Repoort on the representation of Minority Communities in the National Assembly.
Rais, R. (2012). Balochistan Pakage: Redefining federalism in Pakistan. Retrieved from www.civiceducation.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/.../Balochistan-Packagepaper.
Reporters Without Borders (RSF). (2024). World Press Freedom Index .
RSIL, reoprt. (2025). 2025 Amendments ot The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act, 2016. Research Society of International Law.
Safvi, R. (2016). The Sufis of India . Hachette India.
Sainz, B. (2019). Constitutional Patriotism and the Spanish Constitutional Debate. Ciencia Política,, vol. 15 (November 29, 2020), 15(29), 225-248. https://doi.org/https:dialnet.uniriojaes
Sania Muneer & Saroj Kumar. (2024). Cause and Effect: The Factors that Make Pakistan's Military a Political Force. Observer Research Foundation(694).
Sayed, K. b. (1980). Politics in Pakistan: The Nature and Direction of Change. new York: Praeger.
Schwartz, A. (2017). Patriotism or Integrity? Constitutional Community in Divided Societies. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3( (Autumn 2011)), pp. 503-526.
SDPI Report. (2019). Social Diversity in Pakistan. Sustainable Development Policy Institute.
Shah, A. (2014). The Army and Democracy: Military Politics in Pakistan. Harvard University Press.
Shakirullah. (2024). Analysis of Identity Politics and Ethnic Conflicts in Pakistan Under the Theoritical Frameworks of 'Thymus' and 'Relative Deprivation': A Case of Ethnic Uprising of 'Hazarawal' in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Journal of Trends in Arts and Humanities, 1(1), Pp 7-12. https://doi.org/10.61784
Shakirullah et al. (2024). Structural Violance Against Christian Community in Pakistan: an Anlytical View their Social Status with Reference to Islam. Trends in Social Science and Humanity Research, 2(5), Pp63-67. https://doi.org/10.61784/tsshr3049
Syed Rizwan Haider & Bokhari . (2024). The Historical Analysis of National Integration in Pakistan case study of General Pervaiz Musharraf Era. Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, volume No.5, No.1(2791-0245), 229-239. https://doi.org/10-55737qissh6730007323
Taylor, C. (1994). Multiculturalism and Politics of Recognition. New Jersy: Princeton University Presss.
The Nation Report. (2024). Pakistan's democracy ranking drops six places in 2024: Report. THE NATION.
Uppal, J. Y. (2022). Collective Identity for Societal Building in the Light of the Teaching of Iqbal. World Journal of Social Science , 9(1), p26. https://doi.org/10.5430
Usmani, M. T. (2011). Hamara Maashi Nizam. Karachi : Maktaba Darul Uloom.
Usmani, T. (2017). Islam aur Siyasi Nazryat. Karachi: Maktaba Maariful Quran.
V. Braun & V. Clarke. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
Walker, L. (2009). Relative Deprivation: Specification, Development and Integration. Cambridge University Press.
Waseem, F. (2014). The Legacy of the colonial Projects of English Education in Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5, (11).
Waseem, M. (2025). Political Conflict In Pakistan. Hurst Publishers.
Whear, K. (1946). Federal Government. Oxford University Press.
Zaidi, S. A. (2015). Issues in Pakistan's Economy: A Political Economy Perspective. Oxford Publication Agency.
Zakaria, A. (1987). The Government and Politics of Malaysia. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
Published
2025-10-30
How to Cite
Ullah, S., & Raza, A. (2025). Role of Constitutional Patriotism in Pakistan’s National Integration. International Journal of Social Science Research and Review, 8(11), 303-324. https://doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v8i11.3076
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