Analysis of Actors’ Interests and Needs in Maintaining Urban Green Systems in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania
Keywords:
Actors; Interests; Maintenance; Urban Green Systems; Sustainable Cities
Abstract
Maintenance of urban green systems is increasingly favored amongst scholars and policy-makers as an important parameter within sustainable cities framework. Yet, in most cities of the Global South, the maintenance of green systems is in part constrained by the divergent and dynamic interests of multiple actors. This study examines on mechanisms of synchronizing actors’ interests synergistically to influence the maintenance of urban green systems and contribute to sustainable cities development. The study adopted a case study design to investigate actor’s interests and needs and their influence in maintaining urban green systems in the studied green systems of Mbweni, Kijichi and Buyuni in Dar es Salaam City. Data were collected through interviews with national level government agencies, municipal level authorities, household interviews and consultation with local leaders. The study revealed that different actors had similar and divergent interests and needs on urban green systems and no mechanism existed to synchronize actor’s interests. The study also demonstrated that the maintenance of urban green system is affected by power relations among actors which affect decision-making at the community level while reflecting actors’ needs. This study concludes that urban green system is composed by various actors with different needs and power relations that obstruct the collective effective maintenance of green systems. The study proposes the need for synergistically synchronizing the actors’ diverse and conflicting interests as well as their power relations.
References
Admiraal, J. F., Van den Born, R. J., Beringer, A., Bonaiuto, F., Cicero, L., Hiedanpää, J., ... & De Groot, W. T. (2017). Motivations for committed nature conservation action in Europe. Environmental Conservation, 44(2), 148-157.
Berbés-Blázquez, M., González, J. A., & Pascual, U. (2016). Towards an ecosystem services approach that addresses social power relations. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 19, 134-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2016.02.003.
Bilgili, B. C., & Gökyer, E. (2012). Urban green space system planning. Landscape planning, 360.
Buijs, A. E., Mattijssen, T. J., Van der Jagt, A. P., Ambrose-Oji, B., Andersson, E., Elands, B. H., & Møller, M. S. (2016). Active citizenship for urban green infrastructure: fostering the diversity and dynamics of citizen contributions through mosaic governance. Current opinion in environmental sustainability, 22, 1-6.
Colding, J., Barthel, S., Bendt, P., Snep, R., Van der Knaap, W., & Ernstson, H. (2013). Urban green commons: Insights on urban common property systems. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 1039-1051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.006.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" what" and" why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological inquiry, 11(4), 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01.
Dennis, M., & James, P. (2016). Site-specific factors in the production of local urban ecosystem services: A case study of community-managed green space. Ecosystem Services, 17, 208-216.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.01.003.
Dennis, M., Barlow, D., Cavan, G., Cook, P. A., Gilchrist, A., Handley, J., ... & Lindley, S. (2018). Mapping urban green infrastructure: A novel landscape-based approach to incorporating land use and land cover in the mapping of human-dominated systems. Land, 7(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/land7010017.
Dowding, K. (2006). Three-dimensional power: A discussion of Steven Lukes' Power: A radical view. Political studies review, 4(2), 136-145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-9299.2006.000100.
Du Toit, M. J., Cilliers, S. S., Dallimer, M., Goddard, M., Guenat, S., & Cornelius, S. F. (2018). Urban green infrastructure and ecosystem services in sub-Saharan Africa. Landscape and Urban Planning, 180, 249-261.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.06.001.
Ernstson, H., Barthel, S., Andersson, E., & Borgström, S. T. (2010). Scale-crossing brokers and network governance of urban ecosystem services: the case of Stockholm. Ecology and society, 15(4). https://www.jstor.org/stable/26268215.
Eshetu, S. B., Yeshitela, K., & Sieber, S. (2021). Urban Green Space Planning, Policy Implementation, and Challenges: The Case of Addis Ababa. Sustainability, 13(20), 11344.https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011344.
Fisher, R., Ury,W.L.,&Patton,B.(2011).Getting to yes: Negotiating agreement without giving in. Penguin.
Francis, H. S; Mdemu, M. V and Namangaya, A. H. (2022 forthcoming). Cooperation of Actors in the Maintenance of urban Green Systems. The Case of Mbweni, Kijichi and Buyuni.
Fukuyama, F. (2013). What is governance? Governance, 26(3), 347-368.
Gaventa, J. (2005). Reflections on the uses of the ‘power cube’approach for analyzing the spaces, places and dynamics of civil society participation and engagement. Prepared for Dutch CFA Evaluation ‘Assessing Civil Society Participation as Supported In-Country by Cordaid, Hivos, Novib and Plan Netherlands.
Guenat, S., Porras Lopez, G., Mkwambisi, D. D., & Dallimer, M. (2021). Unpacking stakeholder perceptions of the benefits and challenges associated with urban greenspaces in sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9.
Haaland, C., & van Den Bosch, C. K. (2015). Challenges and strategies for urban green-space planning in cities undergoing densification: A review. Urban forestry & urban greening, 14(4), 760-771.https:doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.07.009.
Haase, D., Kabisch, S., Haase, A., Andersson, E., Banzhaf, E., Baró, F., ... & Wolff, M. (2017). Greening cities–To be socially inclusive? About the alleged paradox of society and ecology in cities. Habitat International, 64, 41-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.04.005.
Hansen, R. (2018). Multifunctionality as a Principle for Urban Green Infrastructure Planning (Doctoral dissertation, Technische Universität München).
Haq, S. M. A. (2011). Urban green spaces and an integrative approach to sustainable environment. Journal of environmental protection, 2(5), 601-608.
Hassan, A., & Mombo, F. (2017). Urban community’s participation in conservation of open spaces: A case of Dar es Salaam City. International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Vol. 2(1): 9-19. http://www.suaire.sua.ac.tz/handle/123456789/2501
http:/habitat3.org/the new urban agenda. Viewed 20th April, 2020.
Kajembe, G. C., Silayo, D. A., Mombo, F. M., Abdallah, J. M., & Maliondo, S. M. S. (2016). REDD+ piloting in Tanzania: The village as an arena for defining and defending local and national interests. Tanzania Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Volume 86 (1).
Khan, M. F. A., Rahman, M. S., & Giessen, L. (2020). Mangrove forest policy and management: Prevailing policy issues, actors’ public claims and informal interests in the Sundarbans of Bangladesh. Ocean & Coastal Management, 186, 105090. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12445-269236.
Kicheleri, R. P., Treue, T., Kajembe, G. C., Mombo, F. M., & Nielsen, M. R. (2018). Power struggles in the management of wildlife resources: The case of Burunge wildlife management area, Tanzania. Wildlife management-failures, successes and prospects.http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79521.
Kronenberg, J., Andersson, E., Barton, D., Borgström, S., Langemeyer, J., Björklund, T., ... & Wolff, M. (2021). The thorny path toward greening: unintended consequences, trade-offs, and constraints in green and blue infrastructure planning, implementation, and management. Ecology and Society, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12445-260236.
Leach, M., Bloom, G., Ely, A., Nightingale, P., Scoones, I., Shah, E., & Smith, A. (2007). Understanding governance: pathways to sustainability. STEPS Centre.
Luque-Ayala, A., Bulkeley, H., & Marvin, S. (2018). Rethinking urban transitions: An analytical framework. In Rethinking Urban Transitions (pp. 13-36). Routledge.
Mensah, C. A. (2014). Urban green spaces in Africa: Nature and challenges. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/7406.
Mensah, C. A., Antwi, K. B., Eshun, J. K., & Baidoo, P. (2017). Towards sustainability: Overcoming the physical barriers to urban green spaces in Kumasi, Ghana. Ghana Journal of Geography, 9(2), 125-150.
Mngumi, L. E. (2020). Ecosystem services potential for climate change resilience in peri-urban areas in Sub-Saharan Africa. Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 16(2), 187-198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-020-00411-0.
Nikolaidou, S., Klöti, T., Tappert, S., & Drilling, M. (2016). Urban gardening and green space governance: Towards new collaborative planning practices. Urban Planning, 1(1), 5-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v1i1.520.
Nuijten, M. C. M. (2005). Power in practice: a force field approach to power in natural resource management. Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies, 4(2), 3-14. The Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies vol. 4, no. 2.
O’Keefe. P. A., Horberg, E. J., & Plante, I. (2017). The multifaceted role of interest in motivation and engagement. In P. A. O’Keefe & J. M. Harackiewicz (Eds), The science of interest (pp.49-67). Springer International Publishing AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55509-6_3.
Peter, L. L., & Yang, Y. (2019). Urban planning historical review of master plans and the way towards a sustainable city: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 8(3), 359-377.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2019.008.
Ramyar, R., Saeedi, S., Bryant, M., Davatgar, A., & Hedjri, G. M. (2020). Ecosystem services mapping for green infrastructure planning–The case of Tehran. Science of the Total Environment, 703, 135466.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135466.
Reyers, B., Roux, D. J., Cowling, R. M., Ginsburg, A. E., Nel, J. L., & FARRELL, P. O. (2010). Conservation planning as a transdisciplinary process. Conservation biology, 24(4), 957-965.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01497.x.
Rostami, R., Lamit, H., Khoshnava, S. M., Rostami, R., & Rosley, M. S. F. (2015). Sustainable cities and the contribution of historical urban green spaces: A case study of historical Persian gardens. Sustainability, 7(10), 13290-13316. https://doi.org/10.3390/su71013290.
Roth, W. M., & Hsu, P. L. (2008). Interest and motivation: A cultural historical and discursive psychological approach. Educational psychology: Cognition and learning, individual differences and motivation, 81-105.
Salbitano, F., Borelli, S., Conigliaro, M., & Chen, Y. (2016). Guidelines on urban and peri-urban forestry. FAO Forestry Paper, (178).
Scoones, I. (1999). New ecology and the social sciences: what prospects for a fruitful engagement?. Annual review of anthropology, 479-507.
Simon, D., Goodness, J., Lwasa, S., Puppim de Oliveira, J. A., Macedo, L. V., Kavonic, J., ... &.
Swilling, M., & Hajer, M. (2017). Governance of urban transitions: Towards sustainable resource efficient urban infrastructures. Environmental Research Letters, 12(12), 125007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7d3a.
Torfing, J., Peters, B. G., Pierre, J., & Sørensen, E. (2012). Interactive governance: Advancing the paradigm. oxford university Press on demand.
Toxopeus, H., Kotsila, P., Conde, M., Katona, A., van der Jagt, A. P., & Polzin, F. (2020). How ‘just’is hybrid governance of urban nature-based solutions?. Cities, 105, 102839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102839.
UN-Habitat (2018). The New Urban Agenda. United Nations Habitat Program. Nairobi Kenya.
United Republic of Tanzania. (1982). Local Governement Act, Government Printers, Dar es Salaam.
United Republic of Tanzania. (1997). National Environmental Policy, Government Printers, Dar es Salaam.
United Republic of Tanzania. (2002). Forest Act, Government Printers, Dar es Salaam.
United Republic of Tanzania. (2004). Environmental Management Act, Government Printer, Dar es Salaam.
United Republic of Tanzania. (2007). Urban Planning Act. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam.
Van de Meene, S. J., Brown, R. R., & Farrelly, M. A. (2011). Towards understanding governance for sustainable urban water management. Global environmental change, 21(3), 1117-1127.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.04.003.
Wijesinghe, A., & Thorn, J. P. (2021). Governance of urban green infrastructure in informal settlements of Windhoek, Namibia. Sustainability, 13(16), 8937.https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168937.
Wolch, J. R., Byrne, J., & Newell, J. P. (2014). Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities ‘just green enough’. Landscape and urban planning, 125, 234-244.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017.
Zhang, S., & Ramírez, F. M. (2019). Assessing and mapping ecosystem services to support urban green infrastructure: The case of Barcelona, Spain. Cities, 92, 59-70.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.03.016.
Zulian, G., Raynal, J., Hauser, R., & Maes, J. (2021). Urban Green Infrastructure: Opportunities and Challenges at the European Scale. Ecosystem Services and Green Infrastructure, 17-28.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54345-7_2.
Berbés-Blázquez, M., González, J. A., & Pascual, U. (2016). Towards an ecosystem services approach that addresses social power relations. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 19, 134-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2016.02.003.
Bilgili, B. C., & Gökyer, E. (2012). Urban green space system planning. Landscape planning, 360.
Buijs, A. E., Mattijssen, T. J., Van der Jagt, A. P., Ambrose-Oji, B., Andersson, E., Elands, B. H., & Møller, M. S. (2016). Active citizenship for urban green infrastructure: fostering the diversity and dynamics of citizen contributions through mosaic governance. Current opinion in environmental sustainability, 22, 1-6.
Colding, J., Barthel, S., Bendt, P., Snep, R., Van der Knaap, W., & Ernstson, H. (2013). Urban green commons: Insights on urban common property systems. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 1039-1051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.006.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" what" and" why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological inquiry, 11(4), 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01.
Dennis, M., & James, P. (2016). Site-specific factors in the production of local urban ecosystem services: A case study of community-managed green space. Ecosystem Services, 17, 208-216.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.01.003.
Dennis, M., Barlow, D., Cavan, G., Cook, P. A., Gilchrist, A., Handley, J., ... & Lindley, S. (2018). Mapping urban green infrastructure: A novel landscape-based approach to incorporating land use and land cover in the mapping of human-dominated systems. Land, 7(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/land7010017.
Dowding, K. (2006). Three-dimensional power: A discussion of Steven Lukes' Power: A radical view. Political studies review, 4(2), 136-145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-9299.2006.000100.
Du Toit, M. J., Cilliers, S. S., Dallimer, M., Goddard, M., Guenat, S., & Cornelius, S. F. (2018). Urban green infrastructure and ecosystem services in sub-Saharan Africa. Landscape and Urban Planning, 180, 249-261.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.06.001.
Ernstson, H., Barthel, S., Andersson, E., & Borgström, S. T. (2010). Scale-crossing brokers and network governance of urban ecosystem services: the case of Stockholm. Ecology and society, 15(4). https://www.jstor.org/stable/26268215.
Eshetu, S. B., Yeshitela, K., & Sieber, S. (2021). Urban Green Space Planning, Policy Implementation, and Challenges: The Case of Addis Ababa. Sustainability, 13(20), 11344.https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011344.
Fisher, R., Ury,W.L.,&Patton,B.(2011).Getting to yes: Negotiating agreement without giving in. Penguin.
Francis, H. S; Mdemu, M. V and Namangaya, A. H. (2022 forthcoming). Cooperation of Actors in the Maintenance of urban Green Systems. The Case of Mbweni, Kijichi and Buyuni.
Fukuyama, F. (2013). What is governance? Governance, 26(3), 347-368.
Gaventa, J. (2005). Reflections on the uses of the ‘power cube’approach for analyzing the spaces, places and dynamics of civil society participation and engagement. Prepared for Dutch CFA Evaluation ‘Assessing Civil Society Participation as Supported In-Country by Cordaid, Hivos, Novib and Plan Netherlands.
Guenat, S., Porras Lopez, G., Mkwambisi, D. D., & Dallimer, M. (2021). Unpacking stakeholder perceptions of the benefits and challenges associated with urban greenspaces in sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9.
Haaland, C., & van Den Bosch, C. K. (2015). Challenges and strategies for urban green-space planning in cities undergoing densification: A review. Urban forestry & urban greening, 14(4), 760-771.https:doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.07.009.
Haase, D., Kabisch, S., Haase, A., Andersson, E., Banzhaf, E., Baró, F., ... & Wolff, M. (2017). Greening cities–To be socially inclusive? About the alleged paradox of society and ecology in cities. Habitat International, 64, 41-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.04.005.
Hansen, R. (2018). Multifunctionality as a Principle for Urban Green Infrastructure Planning (Doctoral dissertation, Technische Universität München).
Haq, S. M. A. (2011). Urban green spaces and an integrative approach to sustainable environment. Journal of environmental protection, 2(5), 601-608.
Hassan, A., & Mombo, F. (2017). Urban community’s participation in conservation of open spaces: A case of Dar es Salaam City. International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Vol. 2(1): 9-19. http://www.suaire.sua.ac.tz/handle/123456789/2501
http:/habitat3.org/the new urban agenda. Viewed 20th April, 2020.
Kajembe, G. C., Silayo, D. A., Mombo, F. M., Abdallah, J. M., & Maliondo, S. M. S. (2016). REDD+ piloting in Tanzania: The village as an arena for defining and defending local and national interests. Tanzania Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Volume 86 (1).
Khan, M. F. A., Rahman, M. S., & Giessen, L. (2020). Mangrove forest policy and management: Prevailing policy issues, actors’ public claims and informal interests in the Sundarbans of Bangladesh. Ocean & Coastal Management, 186, 105090. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12445-269236.
Kicheleri, R. P., Treue, T., Kajembe, G. C., Mombo, F. M., & Nielsen, M. R. (2018). Power struggles in the management of wildlife resources: The case of Burunge wildlife management area, Tanzania. Wildlife management-failures, successes and prospects.http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79521.
Kronenberg, J., Andersson, E., Barton, D., Borgström, S., Langemeyer, J., Björklund, T., ... & Wolff, M. (2021). The thorny path toward greening: unintended consequences, trade-offs, and constraints in green and blue infrastructure planning, implementation, and management. Ecology and Society, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12445-260236.
Leach, M., Bloom, G., Ely, A., Nightingale, P., Scoones, I., Shah, E., & Smith, A. (2007). Understanding governance: pathways to sustainability. STEPS Centre.
Luque-Ayala, A., Bulkeley, H., & Marvin, S. (2018). Rethinking urban transitions: An analytical framework. In Rethinking Urban Transitions (pp. 13-36). Routledge.
Mensah, C. A. (2014). Urban green spaces in Africa: Nature and challenges. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/7406.
Mensah, C. A., Antwi, K. B., Eshun, J. K., & Baidoo, P. (2017). Towards sustainability: Overcoming the physical barriers to urban green spaces in Kumasi, Ghana. Ghana Journal of Geography, 9(2), 125-150.
Mngumi, L. E. (2020). Ecosystem services potential for climate change resilience in peri-urban areas in Sub-Saharan Africa. Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 16(2), 187-198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-020-00411-0.
Nikolaidou, S., Klöti, T., Tappert, S., & Drilling, M. (2016). Urban gardening and green space governance: Towards new collaborative planning practices. Urban Planning, 1(1), 5-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v1i1.520.
Nuijten, M. C. M. (2005). Power in practice: a force field approach to power in natural resource management. Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies, 4(2), 3-14. The Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies vol. 4, no. 2.
O’Keefe. P. A., Horberg, E. J., & Plante, I. (2017). The multifaceted role of interest in motivation and engagement. In P. A. O’Keefe & J. M. Harackiewicz (Eds), The science of interest (pp.49-67). Springer International Publishing AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55509-6_3.
Peter, L. L., & Yang, Y. (2019). Urban planning historical review of master plans and the way towards a sustainable city: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 8(3), 359-377.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2019.008.
Ramyar, R., Saeedi, S., Bryant, M., Davatgar, A., & Hedjri, G. M. (2020). Ecosystem services mapping for green infrastructure planning–The case of Tehran. Science of the Total Environment, 703, 135466.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135466.
Reyers, B., Roux, D. J., Cowling, R. M., Ginsburg, A. E., Nel, J. L., & FARRELL, P. O. (2010). Conservation planning as a transdisciplinary process. Conservation biology, 24(4), 957-965.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01497.x.
Rostami, R., Lamit, H., Khoshnava, S. M., Rostami, R., & Rosley, M. S. F. (2015). Sustainable cities and the contribution of historical urban green spaces: A case study of historical Persian gardens. Sustainability, 7(10), 13290-13316. https://doi.org/10.3390/su71013290.
Roth, W. M., & Hsu, P. L. (2008). Interest and motivation: A cultural historical and discursive psychological approach. Educational psychology: Cognition and learning, individual differences and motivation, 81-105.
Salbitano, F., Borelli, S., Conigliaro, M., & Chen, Y. (2016). Guidelines on urban and peri-urban forestry. FAO Forestry Paper, (178).
Scoones, I. (1999). New ecology and the social sciences: what prospects for a fruitful engagement?. Annual review of anthropology, 479-507.
Simon, D., Goodness, J., Lwasa, S., Puppim de Oliveira, J. A., Macedo, L. V., Kavonic, J., ... &.
Swilling, M., & Hajer, M. (2017). Governance of urban transitions: Towards sustainable resource efficient urban infrastructures. Environmental Research Letters, 12(12), 125007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7d3a.
Torfing, J., Peters, B. G., Pierre, J., & Sørensen, E. (2012). Interactive governance: Advancing the paradigm. oxford university Press on demand.
Toxopeus, H., Kotsila, P., Conde, M., Katona, A., van der Jagt, A. P., & Polzin, F. (2020). How ‘just’is hybrid governance of urban nature-based solutions?. Cities, 105, 102839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102839.
UN-Habitat (2018). The New Urban Agenda. United Nations Habitat Program. Nairobi Kenya.
United Republic of Tanzania. (1982). Local Governement Act, Government Printers, Dar es Salaam.
United Republic of Tanzania. (1997). National Environmental Policy, Government Printers, Dar es Salaam.
United Republic of Tanzania. (2002). Forest Act, Government Printers, Dar es Salaam.
United Republic of Tanzania. (2004). Environmental Management Act, Government Printer, Dar es Salaam.
United Republic of Tanzania. (2007). Urban Planning Act. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam.
Van de Meene, S. J., Brown, R. R., & Farrelly, M. A. (2011). Towards understanding governance for sustainable urban water management. Global environmental change, 21(3), 1117-1127.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.04.003.
Wijesinghe, A., & Thorn, J. P. (2021). Governance of urban green infrastructure in informal settlements of Windhoek, Namibia. Sustainability, 13(16), 8937.https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168937.
Wolch, J. R., Byrne, J., & Newell, J. P. (2014). Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities ‘just green enough’. Landscape and urban planning, 125, 234-244.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017.
Zhang, S., & Ramírez, F. M. (2019). Assessing and mapping ecosystem services to support urban green infrastructure: The case of Barcelona, Spain. Cities, 92, 59-70.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.03.016.
Zulian, G., Raynal, J., Hauser, R., & Maes, J. (2021). Urban Green Infrastructure: Opportunities and Challenges at the European Scale. Ecosystem Services and Green Infrastructure, 17-28.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54345-7_2.
Published
2023-01-06
How to Cite
Francis, H. S., Mdemu, M. V., Namangaya, A. H., & Mngumi, L. E. (2023). Analysis of Actors’ Interests and Needs in Maintaining Urban Green Systems in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania. International Journal of Social Science Research and Review, 6(1), 281-296. https://doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v6i1.905
Section
Main Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
