Victims of Gender-Based Violence at One-stop Crisis Centers of Bangladesh
Keywords:
Violence Against Women; Spousal Violence; Sexual Abuse; Child Abuse; Help-Seeking Behavior; One-Stop Crisis Centers
Abstract
One-stop Crisis Centers (OCCs) are established to provide comprehensive care to the survivors of gender-based violence in Bangladesh. A qualitative document analysis of the case studies from the OCCs was done to understand the help seeking and context of the survivors at the centers with the theoretical lensing of Socio-ecological model and Victim blaming explanations. Spousal violence and child sexual abuse were found most common violence types in the case studies. Help seeking was delayed in general and initiated by urgent medical needs. Help seeking was majorly achieved with help of informal agents like neighbors and parents. Proper channeling of the community can improve help seeking among the victims of Violence against Women in Bangladesh.
References
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Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3316/qrj0902027.
Bui, H. N. (2016). Help-Seeking Behavior Among Abused Immigrant Women. Violence Against Women, 9(2), 207-239. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801202239006.
CDC. (2020). The Social-Ecological Model: A Framework for Prevention | Violence Prevention | Injury Center | CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/about/social-ecologicalmodel.html.
Chowdhury, M. A. K., Rahman, A. E., Morium, S., Hasan, M. M., Bhuiyan, A., & Arifeen, S. E. (2018). Domestic Violence Against Women in Urban Slums of Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Survey. J Interpers Violence, 36(9-10), NP4728-NP4742. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518791235.
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Estrellado, A. F., & Loh, J. M. (2014). Factors associated with battered Filipino women's decision to stay in or leave an abusive relationship. J Interpers Violence, 29(4), 575-592. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513505709.
Fanslow, J. L., & Robinson, E. M. (2010). Help-seeking behaviors and reasons for help seeking reported by a representative sample of women victims of intimate partner violence in New Zealand. J Interpers Violence, 25(5), 929-951. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509336963.
Fattah, K. N., & Camellia, S. (2020). Gender Norms and Beliefs, and Men's Violence Against Women in Rural Bangladesh. J Interpers Violence, 35(3-4), 771-793. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517690875.
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Grossman, S. F., Lundy, M., George, C. C., & Crabtree-Nelson, S. (2010). Shelter and service receipt for victims of domestic violence in Illinois. J Interpers Violence, 25(11), 2077-2093. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509354505.
Hadi, A. (2000). Child abuse among working children in rural Bangladesh: prevalence and determinants. Public Health, 114(5), 380-384. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ph.1900664.
Hodges, T. A., & Cabanilla, A. (2011). Factors that impact help-seeking among battered Black women: application of critical and survivor theories. Journal of cultural diversity, 18 4, 120-125.
Islam, M. S. (2019). An assessment of child protection in Bangladesh: How effective is NGO-led Child-Friendly Space? Eval Program Plann, 72, 8-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2018.09.003.
Islam, R. (2018). Rights situation remains alarming. https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/rights-situation-remains-alarming-1513159files/93/rights-situation-remains-alarming-1513159.html.
Islam, T. M., Tareque, M. I., Sugawa, M., & Kawahara, K. (2015). Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Bangladesh. Journal of Family Violence, 30(4), 433-444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-015-9683-0.
Johnston, H. B., & Naved, R. T. (2008). Spousal violence in Bangladesh: a call for a public-health response. J Health Popul Nutr, 26(3), 366-377. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18831231
Kamimura, A., Bybee, D., & Yoshihama, M. (2014). Factors Affecting Initial Intimate Partner Violence-Specific Health Care Seeking in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, Japan. J Interpers Violence, 29(13), 2378-2393. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513518842.
Kim, J. Y., & Lee, J. H. (2011). Factors influencing help-seeking behavior among battered Korean women in intimate relationships. J Interpers Violence, 26(15), 2991-3012. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510390946.
Kogan, S. M. (2004). Disclosing unwnated sexual experiences: results from a national sample of adolescent women. Child Abuse Negl, 28(2), 147-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.09.014.
Kohli, A., Perrin, N., Mpanano, R. M., Banywesize, L., Mirindi, A. B., Banywesize, J. H., Mitima, C. M., Binkurhorhwa, A. K., Bufole, N. M., & Glass, N. (2015). Family and community driven response to intimate partner violence in post-conflict settings. Soc Sci Med, 146, 276-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.10.011.
Macy, R. J., Rizo, C. F., & Ermentrout, D. M. (2013). Characteristics, needs, and help seeking of partner violence victims mandated to community services by courts and child protective services. Am J Orthopsychiatry, 83(4), 588-599. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajop.12049.
Nadiya, S. (2017). Why do so many men rape? Dhaka Tribune. https://archive.dhakatribune.com/magazine/weekend-tribune/2017/07/13/many-men-rape/?fb_comment_id=1322941414470322_1325892414175222files/95/many-men-rape.html.
Naved, R. T., Azim, S., Bhuiya, A., & Persson, L. A. (2006). Physical violence by husbands: magnitude, disclosure and help-seeking behavior of women in Bangladesh. Soc Sci Med, 62(12), 2917-2929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.12.001.
Naved, R. T., & Persson, L. Å. (2010). Dowry and Spousal Physical Violence Against Women in Bangladesh. Journal of Family Issues, 31(6), 830-856. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x09357554
Parvin, K., Sultana, N., & Naved, R. T. (2016). Disclosure and help seeking behavior of women exposed to physical spousal violence in Dhaka slums. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 383. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3060-7.
Rai, A., & Choi, Y. J. (2018). Socio-cultural risk factors impacting domestic violence among South Asian immigrant women: A scoping review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 38, 76-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.12.001.
Rashid, S. F. (2000). Providing sex education to adolescents in rural Bangladesh: experiences from BRAC. Gend Dev, 8(2), 28-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/741923625.
Resnick, H. S., Acierno, R., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (1997). Health impact of interpersonal violence. 2: Medical and mental health outcomes. Behav Med, 23(2), 65-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289709596730.
Saffari, M., Arslan, S. A., Yekaninejad, M. S., Pakpour, A. H., Zaben, F. A., & Koenig, H. G. (2017). Factors Associated With Domestic Violence Against Women in Iran: An Exploratory Multicenter Community-Based Study. J Interpers Violence, 0(0), 886260517713224. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517713224.
Sunil Kumar, J., Aakriti, M., Umesh Raj, A., & Dudani, I. U. (2012). Impact of intimate partner violence on women's health—a population based study in Nepal. Injury Prevention, 18, A183 - A183.
Taherkhani, S., Negarandeh, R., Simbar, M., & Ahmadi, F. (2017). Barriers to seeking help among abused Iranian women. The Journal of Adult Protection, 19, 261-273.
VanderEnde, K. E., Sibley, L. M., Cheong, Y. F., Naved, R. T., & Yount, K. M. (2015). Community economic status and intimate partner violence against women in bangladesh: compositional or contextual effects? Violence Against Women, 21(6), 679-699. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801215576938.
Wahed, T., & Bhuiya, A. (2007). Battered bodies & shattered minds: violence against women in Bangladesh. Indian J Med Res, 126(4), 341-354. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18032809.
WHO. (2005). WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women : initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses / authors: Claudia Garcia-Moreno ... [et al.] (924159358X). https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43309.
WHO. (2013a). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/85239.
WHO. (2013b). Responding to intimate partner violence and sexual violence against women: WHO clinical and policy guidelines. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/85240.
Zaman, H. (1999). Violence against women in bangladesh: Issues and responses. Womens Studies International Forum, 22, 37-48.
Abramsky, T., Watts, C. H., Garcia-Moreno, C., Devries, K., Kiss, L., Ellsberg, M., Jansen, H. A., & Heise, L. (2011). What factors are associated with recent intimate partner violence? findings from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 109. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-109.
Ahmad, F., Driver, N., McNally, M. J., & Stewart, D. E. (2009). "Why doesn't she seek help for partner abuse?" An exploratory study with South Asian immigrant women. Soc Sci Med, 69(4), 613-622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.06.011.
Akhter, G. A., & Islam, F. (2016). Child abuse in Bangladesh. Ibrahim Medical College Journal, 9(1), 18-21. https://doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v9i1.27635.
Arias, I., Leeb, R. T., Melanson, C., Paulozzi, L. J., & Simon, T. R. (2008). Child maltreatment surveillance; uniform definitions for public health and recommended data elements. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/11493.
Bates, L. M., Schuler, S. R., Islam, F., & Islam, K. (2004). Socioeconomic factors and processes associated with domestic violence in rural Bangladesh. Int Fam Plan Perspect, 30(4), 190-199. https://doi.org/10.1363/3019004.
Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3316/qrj0902027.
Bui, H. N. (2016). Help-Seeking Behavior Among Abused Immigrant Women. Violence Against Women, 9(2), 207-239. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801202239006.
CDC. (2020). The Social-Ecological Model: A Framework for Prevention | Violence Prevention | Injury Center | CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/about/social-ecologicalmodel.html.
Chowdhury, M. A. K., Rahman, A. E., Morium, S., Hasan, M. M., Bhuiyan, A., & Arifeen, S. E. (2018). Domestic Violence Against Women in Urban Slums of Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Survey. J Interpers Violence, 36(9-10), NP4728-NP4742. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518791235.
Colombini, M., Mayhew, S., & Watts, C. (2008). Health-sector responses to intimate partner violence in low- and middle-income settings: a review of current models, challenges and opportunities. Bull World Health Organ, 86(8), 635-642. https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.07.045906.
Das, T. K., Alam, M. F., Bhattacharyya, R., & Pervin, A. (2015). Causes and Contexts of Domestic Violence: Tales of Help-Seeking Married Women in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 9(2), 163-176. https://doi.org/10.1111/aswp.12055.
Estrellado, A. F., & Loh, J. M. (2014). Factors associated with battered Filipino women's decision to stay in or leave an abusive relationship. J Interpers Violence, 29(4), 575-592. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513505709.
Fanslow, J. L., & Robinson, E. M. (2010). Help-seeking behaviors and reasons for help seeking reported by a representative sample of women victims of intimate partner violence in New Zealand. J Interpers Violence, 25(5), 929-951. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509336963.
Fattah, K. N., & Camellia, S. (2020). Gender Norms and Beliefs, and Men's Violence Against Women in Rural Bangladesh. J Interpers Violence, 35(3-4), 771-793. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517690875.
Garcia-Moreno, C., Jansen, H. A., Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., Watts, C. H., Health, W. H. O. M.-c. S. o. W. s., & Domestic Violence against Women Study, T. (2006). Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence. Lancet, 368(9543), 1260-1269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69523-8.
Gravelin, C. R., Biernat, M., & Bucher, C. E. (2018). Blaming the Victim of Acquaintance Rape: Individual, Situational, and Sociocultural Factors [Review]. Front Psychol, 9, 2422. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02422.
Grossman, S. F., Lundy, M., George, C. C., & Crabtree-Nelson, S. (2010). Shelter and service receipt for victims of domestic violence in Illinois. J Interpers Violence, 25(11), 2077-2093. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509354505.
Hadi, A. (2000). Child abuse among working children in rural Bangladesh: prevalence and determinants. Public Health, 114(5), 380-384. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ph.1900664.
Hodges, T. A., & Cabanilla, A. (2011). Factors that impact help-seeking among battered Black women: application of critical and survivor theories. Journal of cultural diversity, 18 4, 120-125.
Islam, M. S. (2019). An assessment of child protection in Bangladesh: How effective is NGO-led Child-Friendly Space? Eval Program Plann, 72, 8-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2018.09.003.
Islam, R. (2018). Rights situation remains alarming. https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/rights-situation-remains-alarming-1513159files/93/rights-situation-remains-alarming-1513159.html.
Islam, T. M., Tareque, M. I., Sugawa, M., & Kawahara, K. (2015). Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Bangladesh. Journal of Family Violence, 30(4), 433-444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-015-9683-0.
Johnston, H. B., & Naved, R. T. (2008). Spousal violence in Bangladesh: a call for a public-health response. J Health Popul Nutr, 26(3), 366-377. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18831231
Kamimura, A., Bybee, D., & Yoshihama, M. (2014). Factors Affecting Initial Intimate Partner Violence-Specific Health Care Seeking in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, Japan. J Interpers Violence, 29(13), 2378-2393. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513518842.
Kim, J. Y., & Lee, J. H. (2011). Factors influencing help-seeking behavior among battered Korean women in intimate relationships. J Interpers Violence, 26(15), 2991-3012. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510390946.
Kogan, S. M. (2004). Disclosing unwnated sexual experiences: results from a national sample of adolescent women. Child Abuse Negl, 28(2), 147-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.09.014.
Kohli, A., Perrin, N., Mpanano, R. M., Banywesize, L., Mirindi, A. B., Banywesize, J. H., Mitima, C. M., Binkurhorhwa, A. K., Bufole, N. M., & Glass, N. (2015). Family and community driven response to intimate partner violence in post-conflict settings. Soc Sci Med, 146, 276-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.10.011.
Macy, R. J., Rizo, C. F., & Ermentrout, D. M. (2013). Characteristics, needs, and help seeking of partner violence victims mandated to community services by courts and child protective services. Am J Orthopsychiatry, 83(4), 588-599. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajop.12049.
Nadiya, S. (2017). Why do so many men rape? Dhaka Tribune. https://archive.dhakatribune.com/magazine/weekend-tribune/2017/07/13/many-men-rape/?fb_comment_id=1322941414470322_1325892414175222files/95/many-men-rape.html.
Naved, R. T., Azim, S., Bhuiya, A., & Persson, L. A. (2006). Physical violence by husbands: magnitude, disclosure and help-seeking behavior of women in Bangladesh. Soc Sci Med, 62(12), 2917-2929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.12.001.
Naved, R. T., & Persson, L. Å. (2010). Dowry and Spousal Physical Violence Against Women in Bangladesh. Journal of Family Issues, 31(6), 830-856. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x09357554
Parvin, K., Sultana, N., & Naved, R. T. (2016). Disclosure and help seeking behavior of women exposed to physical spousal violence in Dhaka slums. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 383. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3060-7.
Rai, A., & Choi, Y. J. (2018). Socio-cultural risk factors impacting domestic violence among South Asian immigrant women: A scoping review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 38, 76-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.12.001.
Rashid, S. F. (2000). Providing sex education to adolescents in rural Bangladesh: experiences from BRAC. Gend Dev, 8(2), 28-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/741923625.
Resnick, H. S., Acierno, R., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (1997). Health impact of interpersonal violence. 2: Medical and mental health outcomes. Behav Med, 23(2), 65-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289709596730.
Saffari, M., Arslan, S. A., Yekaninejad, M. S., Pakpour, A. H., Zaben, F. A., & Koenig, H. G. (2017). Factors Associated With Domestic Violence Against Women in Iran: An Exploratory Multicenter Community-Based Study. J Interpers Violence, 0(0), 886260517713224. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517713224.
Sunil Kumar, J., Aakriti, M., Umesh Raj, A., & Dudani, I. U. (2012). Impact of intimate partner violence on women's health—a population based study in Nepal. Injury Prevention, 18, A183 - A183.
Taherkhani, S., Negarandeh, R., Simbar, M., & Ahmadi, F. (2017). Barriers to seeking help among abused Iranian women. The Journal of Adult Protection, 19, 261-273.
VanderEnde, K. E., Sibley, L. M., Cheong, Y. F., Naved, R. T., & Yount, K. M. (2015). Community economic status and intimate partner violence against women in bangladesh: compositional or contextual effects? Violence Against Women, 21(6), 679-699. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801215576938.
Wahed, T., & Bhuiya, A. (2007). Battered bodies & shattered minds: violence against women in Bangladesh. Indian J Med Res, 126(4), 341-354. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18032809.
WHO. (2005). WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women : initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses / authors: Claudia Garcia-Moreno ... [et al.] (924159358X). https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43309.
WHO. (2013a). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/85239.
WHO. (2013b). Responding to intimate partner violence and sexual violence against women: WHO clinical and policy guidelines. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/85240.
Zaman, H. (1999). Violence against women in bangladesh: Issues and responses. Womens Studies International Forum, 22, 37-48.
Published
2023-01-06
How to Cite
Newaz, M. S., Saha, S., Salekuzzaman, K., & Sultana, S. (2023). Victims of Gender-Based Violence at One-stop Crisis Centers of Bangladesh. International Journal of Social Science Research and Review, 6(1), 132-143. https://doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v6i1.886
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