Optimizing Caregiving Systems: A Strategic Analysis of Family, Government, and Institutional Interactions

  • Rohan Monga Student, Dhirubhai Ambani International School, India
Keywords: Strategic Caregiving; Game Theory; Multi-Agent Coordination; Eldercare

Abstract

As global populations age rapidly, caregiving for the elderly has emerged as a critical challenge, particularly due to the fragmented roles played by families, governments, and institutions. This paper reconceptualizes caregiving as a strategic decision-making process rather than a purely emotional or moral undertaking. Through a thematic synthesis of 16 game-theoretic empirical studies, it identifies systemic inefficiencies rooted in coordination failures, free-riding behaviour, and asymmetrical burdens—particularly along gender and cultural lines. The study divides its literature analysis into two domains: intra-family role allocation and the influence of governmental and institutional policy. It finds that caregiving within families often functions as a non-cooperative public goods game, while government interventions are frequently either overly generalized or narrowly targeted, leading to suboptimal support. To address these strategic mismatches, the paper proposes a cooperative game-theoretic model integrating Lagrangian optimization for efficiency with Shapley Value allocation for fairness. This model formalizes caregiving as a shared burden between families, institutions, and governments, and identifies optimal strategies for cost-sharing and stable cooperation. The paper thus contributes a new conceptual and prescriptive framework to optimize caregiving systems under growing demographic and economic pressure.

References

Rosalynn Carter Institute – Rosalynn Carter Institute for Caregivers. (n.d.).https://rosalynncarter.org/.

Monga, R., Mirani, D. J., & Sanghvi, D. M. (2024). Caregiver Burden, Resilience and Optimism-A Prospective Study in Caregivers of Cancer Patients in Mumbai, India. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.25215/1204.199.

Hall, J. (2024, November 11). Unpaid caregiving can delay your retirement by as much as 21 years. MarketWatch. https://www.marketwatch.com/story/unpaid-caregiving-can-delay-your-retirement-by-as-much-as-21-years-7af97796.

Barczyk, D., & Kredler, M. (2017). Evaluating long-term-care policy options, taking the family seriously. Review of Economic Studies, 84(2), 768–807.

Bergeot, J. (2023). Strategic caregiving as a public goods game: Evidence from the French CARE survey. Journal of Health Economics, 92, 102764.

Calvó-Perxas, L., Vilalta-Franch, J., Turró-Garriga, O., Gascón-Bayarri, J., Conde-Sala, J. L., & López-Pousa, S. (2018). What seems to matter in public policy and the health of informal caregivers? A cross-sectional study in 12 European countries. PLOS ONE, 13(3), e0194232.

Hu, J., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Long-term care services and insurance system in China: An evolutionary game analysis. Sustainability, 15(2), 610.

Knoef, M., & Kooreman, P. (2012). The economics of caregiving for disabled elderly parents: A structural estimation approach. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 27(3), 366–392.

Maruyama, S., & Johar, M. (2017). Do siblings free-ride in “being there” for parents? A strategic location model with asymmetric information. Journal of Economic Behaviour & Organization, 142, 1–18.

Pezzin, L. E., Pollak, R. A., & Schone, B. S. (2003). Bargaining power, coresidence, and caregiving. Journal of Political Economy, 111(2), 384–409.

Pezzin, L. E., Pollak, R. A., & Schone, B. S. (2005). Long-term care of the disabled elderly: Do children increase caregiving by spouses? Review of Economics of the Household, 3(4), 367–393.

Pezzin, L. E., Pollak, R. A., & Schone, B. S. (2006). Efficiency in family bargaining: Living arrangements and caregiving decisions of adult children and disabled elderly parents. CESifo Economic Studies, 52(1), 69–96.

Rana, R., & Singh, V. (2024). Quest for maintenance and welfare of parents and senior citizens: A socio-legal perspective. Legal Research Development, 8(3), 85–93.

Sharma, R., Chakrabarti, S., & Grover, S. (2016). Gender differences in caregiving among family – caregivers of people with mental illnesses. World Journal of Psychiatry, 6(1), 7–17.

Shi, H., Zhou, J., & Li, L. (2023). Research on the multi-agent collaborative governance mechanism of smart senior care services in China: An evolutionary game model. BMC Geriatrics, 23, 328.

Tran, T. V., Nguyen, L. T., & Hinton, L. (2023). Cultural diversity impacts caregiving experiences: A comprehensive exploration of differences in caregiver burdens, needs, and outcomes. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 38(2), 95–112.

Wieczorek, E., Evers, S., Kocot, E., Sowada, C., & Pavlova, M. (2022). Assessing policy challenges and strategies supporting informal caregivers in the European Union. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 5557.

Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., & Wang, Z. (2022). Evolutionary game analysis of community elderly care service regulations based on omni-feedback mechanism. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 1093451.

Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Evolutionary game analysis of behaviour strategies of multiple stakeholders in the regulation of senior care services. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5), 4263.

Published
2025-08-11
How to Cite
Monga, R. (2025). Optimizing Caregiving Systems: A Strategic Analysis of Family, Government, and Institutional Interactions. International Journal of Social Science Research and Review, 8(8), 145-171. https://doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v8i8.2779