Implementation of National Defense Policy at the Higher Education Level in Support National Defense

Abstract

 The concept of national defense (conscription) is basically a universal concept. Other terms for prescription are military service, compulsory enrollment, national service. Many countries in the world implement national defense programs. Each country has its own reasons for creating and implementing state defense policies. Indonesia's state defense policy is based on the constitution. The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia established national defense as a citizen's right and obligation. In practice, the state defense policy has been created and implemented since 1961, during the era of President Sukarno's government. At that time, students and government employees participated in the state defense program. A series of laws were created from time to time. Highly educated people are expected to take part in national defense activities. However, from literary sources it is known that the implementation of the state defense policy experienced ups and downs. The research was conducted using qualitative research methods. The three 'research questions' in this research are (i) What is the process of the implementation of Conscription Education Policy at the Higher Education Level? (ii) What factors influence the effectiveness of the implementation of Conscription Education Policy at the Higher Education Level, and (iii) What is the Implementation Model for the Conscription Education Policy at the Higher Education Level according to urgency considering the low outcome of implementing the State Defense policy. Collection techniques are (i) literature review; interviews and data collection with implementers and a number of community members at higher education levels. Determination of participants was carried out by snowballing. The data analysis used is (i) analysis of limited literature sources, (ii) analysis of the responses of a number of policy implementing participants and (iii) analysis of the responses of representation among the policy targets, namely the population, in this case netizens from the higher education level. In this research, it was concluded that the implementation of state defense education at the higher education level has been carried out for a long time. However, the program outcomes still do not meet expectations. The factors that influence whether or not policy implementation is effective include weak synergy between government institutions and universities to implement state defense education policies.