Trade Facilitation Reforms Implementation by Developing Countries: The Case of Zimbabwe

Abstract

Following the expiry of the exemption window for delayed implementation penalties, all members of the World Trade Organisation are obliged to comply fully with the Trade Facilitation Agreement or risk substantial penalties including expulsion. Despite various trade facilitation initiatives implemented, poor trade facilitation still impedes the smooth movement of goods and services at Zimbabwe's ports leading to perceived marginalisation in the global trading system. This paper reviews current trade facilitation landscape in Zimbabwe by compounding perspectives of scholars and other research organisations interested in trade facilitation reforms in the country. Investigations show that the country has made significant strides in the implementation of trade facilitation initiatives. While all the border agencies in Zimbabwe have a legal mandate to fulfil, customs seem to be the only agency equipped with enough resources to effectively carry out their duties. Processes by different government agencies remain fragmented and some regulatory agencies still lack comprehensive and enforceable guidelines that clearly outline the procedures for appealing and reviewing decisions, thereby hindering the transparency and effectiveness of the multi-stage appeal process. There is also need for extension of automated risk management system to all concerned agencies, as it is currently confined to customs. This paper recommends a coordinated approach on government related trade issues including, alignment of line ministries, and integration of trade facilitation information, creation of trade facilitation awareness platforms, resource mobilization, fair resource distribution and equitable agency participation at all ports of entry.