Investigating Juvenile Neglect from the Perspective of Special Education Personnel in the School Community Developmental Issues, Impacts & Interventions
Abstract
The investigation of the forms of neglect of a minor and the description of the effects on learning and educational development. In addition, to approach how special education staff can manage incidents of neglect, emphasizing the collaboration of social workers and psychologists, as well as the appropriate interventions that can be implemented. The research was carried out during the months of January, February, and March 2023, and in her, they participated 10 social workers and psychologists, who are working in Assessment and advisory support centers as well as in special school support committees of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace and have at least five years’ experience in incidents of neglect of a minor. The personal experiences and options of professionals emerge, who are involved actively in the field, via her qualitative research. Elevated levels of parental stress, psychiatric disorders, addictions, poverty, and a repeated pattern of neglect appear to professionals to be strong predictors of potential neglect. Health problems, learning difficulties, low mental potential, inactive or damaged brain cells, and emotional and behavioral disorders, are some of the serious effects on minors. Observation of a child in the school context, social research, and individual appointments appear to be important factors for professionals to focus on. Child neglect is a complex problem, rooted primarily in dysfunctional family environments. The research highlights proposals and interventions, with the aim of early detection and prevention of incidents of neglect. Preventing child neglect requires addressing risk factors at the individual, family, and societal levels. The collaboration of social workers and psychologists is of key importance, not only for the detection and treatment of cases of minor neglect but also for the support of students and their families in various areas. The current review offers further insights and tools around the topic of child neglect, which is a significant challenge to children's development and well-being.
References
Akehurst, R. (2015). Child neglect identification: The health visitor's role. Community Practice; 88:38-42.https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Child+neglect+identification%3a+the+ health+visitor%27s +role.-a0436332659.
Ann McCloskey, L., & Walker, M. (2000). Posttraumatic Stress in Children Exposed to Family Violence and Single-Event Trauma. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(1), 108–115. doi:10.1097/00004583-200001000-00023.
Are Father Surrogates a Risk Factor for Child Maltreatment? Child Maltreatment, 6(4), 281–289. doi:10.1177/1077559501006004001.
Austin, A. (2016). Is prior parental criminal justice involvement associated with child maltreatment? A systematic review. Children and Youth Services Reviews,68,146–153. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.07.
Berkowitz, C. D. (2001). Fatal child neglect. Advances in pediatrics, 48, 331-361. https://nuhem.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/3-Child-Abuse2020.pdf.
Bernard, P., Gill, P., Stewart, K., Treasure, E., & Chadwick, B. (2008). Analyzing and presenting qualitative data. British Dental journal , 204(8), 429–432. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2008.292.
Bifulco, A., Moran, P. M., ball, C., & Lily, A. (2002). Adult attachment style. II: Its relationship that psychosocial depressive vulnerability. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 37(2), 60–67. doi:10.1007/s127-002-8216-x.
Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books.https://mindsplain.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/ATTACHMENT_AND_LOSS_ VOLUME_I_ATTACHMENT.pdf.
Bromfield, L., Lamont, A., Parker, R., Horsfall, B. (2010). Issues for the safety and well-being of children in families with multiple and complex problems: The co-occurrence of domestic violence, parental substance abuse, and mental health problems. NCPC issues paper no.33.Australian Institute of Family Studies.http://aifs.gov.au/sites/default/files/publication-documents/issues33_0.pdf .
Brown, V., & clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology,3(2),77-101.file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/Braun%20Clarke%202006%20Using%20 thematic% 20analysis% 20(1).pdf.
Carter, V., & Myers, MR (2007). Exploring the risks of substantiated physical neglect related to poverty and parental characteristics: A national sample. Children and Youth Services Reviews, 29(1), 110–121.doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2006.08.002.
Chavkin, W. (1990). Drug addiction and pregnancy: policy crossroads. American Journal of Public Health, 80(4), 483-487. https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.80.4.483 .
Child Welfare Information Gateway (2019). Parent Education to Strengthen Families and Prevent Child Maltreatment. https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/parented.pdf.
Chrousos, G., & Golden, P. (1992). The concepts of stress and stress system disorders: Overview of physical and behavioural homeostasis. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association , 267(9),1244-1252.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236316464_The_Concepts_of_Stress _and_ Stress_System_DisordersOverview_of_Physical_and_Behavioral_Homeostasis.
Cooey, C. (2003). Making judgments about risk in substantiated cases of supervisory neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(7), 821–840. doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(03)00115-7.
Coohey, C. (2008). The nature of parental supervisory neglect. Child Welfare, 87, 55-77. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/CarolCoohey/publication/2435728 7_The_Nature_of_Parental_Supervisory_Neglec t/links/54b185430cf28ebe92e18dea/The-Nature-of- Parental-Supervisory Neglect.pdf.
Coohey, C., & Zhang, Y. (2006). The Role of Men in Chronic Supervisory Neglect. Child Maltreatment, 11(1), 27–33. doi:10.1177/1077559505283548.
Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design. Qualitative, quantitative and mixed method approaches. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. https://www.ucg.ac.me/skladiste/blog_609332/objava_105202/fajlovi/Creswell.pdf.
Crume, T. L., DiGuiseppi, C., Byers, T., Sirotnak, A. P., & Garrett, C. J. (2002). Underascertainment of Child Maltreatment Fatalities by Death certificates, 1990-1998. pediatrics, 110(2), e18–e18. doi:10.1542/peds.110.2.e18.
Currie, J., & Spatz Widom, C. (2010). Long-Term Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect on Adult Economic Well-Being. Child Maltreatment, 15(2), 111–120. doi:10.1177/1077559509355316.
Daly, M., & Wilson, MI (1996). Violence against stepchildren. Current Directions in Psychological Science,5,77−81. https://www.martindaly.ca/uploads/2/3/7/0/23707972/d w_1996_violence_against_ stepchildren.pdf.
De Bellis, M. D., Keshavan, M. S., Shifflett, H., Iyengar, S., beers, S. R., Hall, J., & Moritz, G. (2002). Brain structures in pediatric maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorders: a sociodemographically matched study. Biological Psychiatry, 52(11), 1066–1078. doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01459-2.
De Bellis, MD (2001). Developmental traumatology: The psychobiological development of maltreated children and its implications for research treatment and policy. Development and Psychopathology, 13(3),539–564. doi:10.1017/s0954579401003078.
De Bellis, MD, Hooper, SR, Woolley, DP, & Shenk, CE (2009). demographics, Maltreatment, and Neurobiological Correlates of PTSD Symptoms in Children and Adolescents. Journal of Pediatric psychology, 35(5), 570–577. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsp116.
De Bellis, MD, Keshavan, MS, Clark, DB, Casey, B. ., Giedd, JN, Boring, AM, … Ryan, N. D. (1999). Developmental traumatology part II: brain development. Biological Psychiatry, 45(10), 1271–1284. doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00045-1.
Delima, J., & Vimpani, G. (2011). The neurobiological effects of childhood maltreatment: An often overlooked narrative related to the long-term effects of early childhood trauma? Family Matters, (89), 42-52. https://aifs.gov.au/sites/default/files/fm89e_0.pdf.
Dubowitz, H., & Bennett, S. (2007). Physical abuse and neglect of children. The Lancet, 369(9576), 1891–1899. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60856-3.
Dubowitz, H., Black, M., Starr, R., & Zuravin, S. (1993). A Conceptual Definition of Child Neglect. Criminal Justice and behavior, 20(1), 8–26. doi:10.1177/0093854893020001003.
Dubowitz, H., garden, A., & Gustavsson, E. (2000). Child Neglect: Guidance for Pediatricians. Pediatrics in Reviews, 21(4), 111–116. doi:10.1542/pir.21-4-111.
Dufour, S., Lavergne, C., Larrivée, M.-C., & Trocmé, N. (2008). Who are these parents involved in child neglect? A differential analysis by parent gender and family structure. Children and Youth Services Review, 30(2), 141–156.https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.548.2771&rep=r ep1&type=pdf.
Fayaz, I. (2019). Child Abuse: Effects and Preventive Measures. The International Journal of Indian Psychology 7(2),871-884.https://www.academia.edu/39799213/Child_Abuse_ Effects_and_Preventive_Measure s.
Freisthler, B., Merritt, DH, & LaScala, EA (2006). Understanding the Ecology of Child Maltreatment: A Review of the Literature and Directions for Future Research. Child Maltreatment, 11(3), 263–280. doi:10.1177/1077559506289524.
Garbarino, J., & Collins, C. (1999). Child neglect: The family with the hole in the middle. Chapter 1 in Dubowitz, H., (Ed.), Neglected children: research, practice, and policy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Gaudin JM (1993). Child Neglect: A Guide for Intervention. Administration on Children, Youth and Families National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. April 1993. https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/neglect_1993.pdf.
Gaudin JM (1999). Child Neglect: A Guide for Intervention. Administration on Children, Youth and Families National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. April 1993. https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/neglect_1993.pdf.
Gilbert, R., Widom, CS, Browne, K., Fergusson, D., Webb, E., & Janson, S. (2009). Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. The Lancet, 373(9657), 68–81. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61706-7.
Glennie, S. (2007). Developing interprofessional relationships: tapping the potential of inter-agency training. Child Abuse Reviews, 16(3), 171–183. doi:10.1002/car.970.
Goldman, Salus, Wolcott, & Kennedy (2003). A coordinated response to child abuse and neglect: The foundation for practice. Chapter 3: What is child maltreatment? National clearinghouse on child abuse and neglect information. https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubpdfs/foundatio n.pdf.
guerri, C., Bazinet, A., & Riley, EP (2009). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and Alterations in Brain and Behaviour. Alcohol and alcoholism, 44(2), 108–114. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agn105.
Gyftopoulou, A., Kyriakou, K.., Stamati, D., Nikolaidis, G. (2013). Guide to its application protocol investigation, diagnosis, and abuse-neglect management children for professionals. Athena: Ministry Health & Ministry work, Social Insurance and Welfare.
Hamburg, K., Kirkman, M., & de Lacey, S. (2016). Qualitative research methods: when that use them and how that judge them. Human Reproduction, 31(3), 498–501. doi:10.1093/humrep/dev334.
Hazen, AL (2006). Female Caregivers' Experiences with Intimate Partner Violence and Behavior Problems in Children Investigated as Victims of Maltreatment. pediatrics, 117(1), 99–109. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-2542.
Herman-Giddens, ME (1999). Underascertainment of Child Abuse Mortality in the United States States. Jama , 282(5), 463. doi:10.1001/jama.282.5.463.
Herrenkohl, EC, Herrenkohl, RC, Egolf, BP, & Russo, MJ (1998). The relationship between early maltreatment and teenage parenthood. Journal of Adolescence, 21(3), 291–303. doi:10.1006/jado.1998.0154.
Hildyard, K. L., & Wolff, D. A. (2002). Child neglect: developmental issues and outcomes.Child Abuse & Neglect , 26(6-7), 679–695.doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(02)00341-1
Hussey, JM, Chang, JJ, & Kotch, JB (2006). Child Maltreatment in the United States: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Adolescent Health Consequences. Pediatrics, 118(3), 933–942. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2452.
Huth-Bocks, A. C., & Hughes, H. M. (2008). Parenting stress, parenting behavior and children's adjustment in families experiencing intimate partner violence. Journal of Family violence, 23, 243–251. file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/FinalJFVArticle.pdf.
Huth-Bocks, AC, Levendosky, AA, & Semel, MA (2001). The direct and indirect effects of domestic violence on young children's intellectual functioning. Journal of Family Violence. 16: 269–290. doi:10.1023/a:1011138332712.
Hymel, KP (2006). When Is Lack of Supervision Neglected? Pediatrics, 118(3), 1296–1298. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1780.
Kahng, SK, Oyserman, D., Bybee, D., & Mowbray, C. (2008). Mothers with serious mental illness: When symptoms decline does parenting improve? Journal of Family psychology, 22(1), 162–166. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.22.1.162.
Kendall-Tackett, K., Lyon, T., Taliaferro, G., & Little, L. (2005). Why child maltreatment researchers should include children's disability status in their maltreatment studies. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(2), 147–151. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.09.002.
Korbin, J. E. (2003). Neighborhood and community connectedness in child maltreatment research. Child Abuse&Neglect, 27(2), 137–140. doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(02)00537-9.
Krugman, R. D. (2005). Brandt F. Steele. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(3), 207–208. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.02.009.
Laming, L. (2003). The Victoria Climbie Inquiry – Report of inquiry by Lord Laming. Presented that Parliament by the Secretary of State for the Home Department. CM5730. Norwich: HMSO. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/273183/5730.pdf.
Mayer, M., Dufour, S., Lavergne, C., Girard, M., & Trocmé, N. (2003). Comparing parents characteristics regarding child neglect: an analysis of cases retained by child protection services in Quebec. Child and Youth health, 3rd World Congress. https://cwrp.ca/sites/default/files/publications/en/MayerHandoutv3.pdf.
Mays, N., & Pope, C. (1995). Qualitative research: rigor and qualitative research. Bmj, 311(6997), 109-112. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2550154/.
McKee, BE, & Dillenburger, K. (2009). Child abuse and neglect: Training needs of students teachers. International Journal of Educational research, 48(5), 320–330. doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2010.03.002.
Minty, B., & Pattinson, G. (1994). The nature of child neglect. British Journal of Social Work, 24, 733−747. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjsw.a056127.
Molina, J. A. (1984). Understanding the Biopsychosocial Model. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 13(1), 29–36. doi:10.2190/0uhq-bxne-6ggy-n1tf.
Mulder, TM, Kuiper, KC, van der Put, CE, Stams, G.-JJM, & Assink, M. (2018). Risk factors for child neglect: A meta-analytic review. Child Abuse & Neglect, 77, 198–210. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.01.006.
Myers, J. E. (2011). The APSAC Handbook on Child Maltreatment. SAGE. (3rd ed.). (pp.17-37).
Nixon, K., Tutty, L., Downe, P., Gorkoff, K., & Ursel, J. (2002). The Everyday Occurrence. Violence in the Lives of Girls Exploited Through Prostitution, Violence against women _ Vol. 8 No. 9, September 2002 1016-1043, Sage Publications. doi:10.1177/107780120200800902.
Parkinson S, Bromfiels L, McDougally S, Salveron M. (2017). Child neglect: Key concepts and risk factors a report to the NSW Department of family and community services office of the senior practitioner. Australian Center for Child Protection . https://www.unisa.edu.au/siteassets/episerver-6-files/global/eass/research/accp/child-n eglectkey-concept-and-risk-factors-report.pdf.
Parton, N. (2004). From Maria Colwell to Victoria Climbié: re fl ections on public enquiries into child abuse a generation apart. Child Abuse Reviews, 13(2), 80–94. doi:10.1002/car.838.
Polonka K. (2006). "Exploring assumptions about child neglect in relation to the broader field of child maltreatment", Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, 29, 3, 2006, 261-266.
Potter, K., Martin, J., & Romans, S. (1999). Early Developmental Experiences of Female Sex Workers: A Comparative Study. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 33(6), 935–940. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.1999.00655.x.
Radhakrishna, A., Bou-Saada, I. E., Hunter, W. M., Catellier, D. J., & Koch, J. B. (2001).
Scannapieco, M., & Connell-Carrick, K. (2002). Focus on the First Years: An Eco-Developmental Assessment of Child Neglect for Children 0 to 3 Years of Age. Children and Youth Services Reviews, 24(8), 601–621. doi:10.1016/s0190-7409(02)00210-4.
Schore, AN (2005). Attachment, affect regulation, and the developing right brain: Linking developmental neuroscience that pediatrics. Schore Pediatrics in review _ 26(6), 204-217. https://francinelapides.com/docs-mar- 2008/SchorePediatricsinReview05.pdf.
Schore, JR, & Schore, AN (2007). Modern Attachment Theory: The Central Role of Affect Regulation in Development and Treatment. Clinical Social Work Journal, 36(1), 9–20. doi:10.1007/s10615-007-0111-7.
Schumacher, JA, Slep, AMS, & Heyman, RE (2001). Risk factors for child neglect. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 6(2-3), 231–254. Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Stony Brooke, Stony Brooke, NY 11794-2500, USA. doi:10.1016/s1359-1789(00)00024-0.
Scott, J., Norman, R. E., Byambaa, M., Well, R., Butchart, A., & Voss, T. (2012). The Long-Term Health Consequences of Child Physical Abuse, Emotional Abuse, and Neglect: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS Medicine, 9(11), e1001349. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349.
Sedlak, AJ, Mettenburg, J., Basena, M., Peta, I., McPherson, K., Greene, A., & Li, S. (2010). Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS–4): Report that Congress. washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human services, Administration for Children and Families. https://www.childhelp.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Sedlak-A.-J.-et-al.-2010-Fourt h-National-Incidence-Study-of-Child-Abuse-and-Neglect-NIS%E2%80%934.pdf.
Silbert, M. H., & Pines, A. M. (1982). Entrance into prostitution. Youth & Society, 13, 471–500. doi:10.1177/0044118x82013004005.
Skopp, NA, McDonald, R., Manke, B., & Jouriles, EN (2005). Siblings Domestically Violent Families: Experiences of Interparent Conflict and Adjustment Problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(2), 324–333. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.19.2.324.
Smeaton, E. (2005) Living on the Edge: The Experiences of Detached Young Runaways. London: The Children's Society. https://bureau-client-media.ams3.digitaloceanspaces.com/street-children-website-TJ5 d7s/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/15141258/living-on-the-edge.pdf.
Spatz Widom CS (1999). Posttraumatic stress disorder in abused and neglected children grown up. Am J Psychiatry 156:1223–1229. The American Journal of Psychiatry. https://www.childhelp.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Widom-C.-S.-1999-Posttraumatic-Stress-Disorder-in-Abused-and-Neglected-Children-Grown-Up.pdf.
Sroufe, LA (1995). Emotional development: The organization of emotional life in the early years. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.https://assets.cambridge.org/97805216/29928/ frontmatter/9780521629928_frontmatte r.pdf.
Staton-Tindall, M., Sprang, G., Clark, J., Walker, R., & Craig, CD (2013). Caregiver Substance Use and Child Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 13(1), 6–31. doi:10.1080/1533256x.2013.752272
Stith, SM, Liu, T., Davies, LC, Boykin, EL, Alder, MC, Harris, JM, Som, A., McPherson, M., Dees, JEMEG (2009). Risk factors in child maltreatment: A meta-analytic review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(1), 13–29. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2006.03.006.
Stoltenborg, M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2012). The neglect of child neglect: a meta-analytic review of the prevalence of neglect. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48(3), 345–355. doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0549-y.
Teicher, MH, Tomoda, A., Andersen, S. l. (2006). Neurobiological Consequences of Early Stress and Childhood Maltreatment: Are Results from Human and Animal Studies Comparable? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071(1), 313–323. doi:10.1196/annals.1364.024,.
Todd Manly J, Kim JE, Rogosch FA, Cicchetti D (2001). Dimensions of child maltreatment and children's adjustment: contributions of developmental timing and subtype. Dev Psychopathol 13:759–782. doi:10.1017/s0954579401004023.
US Department of Health and Human Services Administration On Children, Youth and Families. (2004). Child maltreatment 2002. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/de fault/files/documents/cb/cm04.pdf.
US Department of Health and Human services, Administration on Children, Youth and Families (2012). Child Maltreatment 2012. Children's Bureau. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cm2012_0.pdf.
Van Brunschot, E. G., & Brannigan, A. (2002). Childhood maltreatment and subsequent conduct disorders: The case of female street prostitution. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 25, 219–234. doi:10.1016/s0160-2527(02)00103-6.
Van Dorn, R., Volavka, J., & Johnson, N. (2011). Mental disorder and violence: is there a relationship beyond substance use? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(3), 487–503. doi:10.1007/s00127-011-0356-x.
Walker, E. A., Gelfand, A., Katon, W. J., koss, M. P., Von Korff, M., Bernstein, D., & Rousseau, J. (1999). Adult health status of women with histories of childhood abuse and neglect. The American Journal of medicine, 107(4), 332–339. doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(99)00235-1
Wilson, HW, & Widom, CS (2010). The Role of Youth Problem Behaviors in the Path from Child Abuse and Neglect that Prostitution: A Prospective Examination. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20(1), 210–236. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00624.x.
Wilson, SL, Kuebli, JE, & Hughes, HM (2005). Patterns of maternal behavior among neglectful families: Implications for research and intervention. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(9), 985–1001. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.03.007.
Wolock, I., & Horowitz, B. (1984). Child maltreatment as a social problem: The neglect of neglect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 54(4), 530–543. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025. 1984.tb01524.x.
Wu, SS, Ma, C.-X., Carter, RL, Ariet, M., Feaver, EA, Resnick, MB, & Roth, J. (2004). Risk factors for infant maltreatment: a population-based study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(12), 1253–1264. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.07.005.
Yanos, PT, Czaja, SJ, & Widom, CS (2010). A Prospective Examination of Service Use by Abused and Neglected Children Followed Up into Adulthood. Psychiatric services, 61(8), 796–802. doi:10.1176/ps.2010.61.8.796.
Zuravin, S. J. (2001). Issues pertinent that defining child neglect. In T. D. Morton & B. Salovitz (Eds.), The CPS response that child neglect: An administrators guide that theory policy, program design and case practice. Duluth, GA: National Resource Center on Child Maltreatment.
Zuravin, SJ, & DePanfilis, D. (1997). Factors affecting foster care placement of children receiving child protective services. Social Work research, 21(1), 34–42. doi:10.1093/swr/21.1.34.
Copyright (c) 2024 Stavros Fragkos, Christiana Bousiou
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).