The European Union’s Dilemma: Balancing Normative Power with Hard Power

Abstract

 This study examines the European Union's (EU) power through the theoretical framework of realism and liberalism, with focus on its external engagements and global influence. Realism emphasizes state-centricity and power dynamics, highlighting that state’s standing is determined by economic and military capabilities. However, realist scholars struggle to explain the role of the EU in the international system due to its complex, non-state nature. Liberalism, on the other hand, emphasizes cooperation, interdependence, and the spread of norms and values. The EU's normative power is evident in its global promotion of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law. However, challenges persist, such as inconsistencies in foreign policy and the EU's use of hard power, like economic sanctions and military operations. The EU's response to crises, such as the migration crisis and climate change, reveals a subtle approach that balances normative and hard power elements. While it is true that normative influence of EU as a supranational organization remains significant, contributing to the shaping of international norms and values, this work argues that its economic and military capabilities often overshadow its normative efforts.