Time Perspective as a Moderator in the Relationship between Stimuli Received by the Indonesian Reserve at Its Formation Stages Toward Expected Attitudes and Behaviors

Abstract

This study aims to identify and analyze whether the stimuli received during the formation process of the Indonesian Reserve can establish standards for Reserve attitudes and behaviors, and to assess whether the individual’s Time Perspective can influence this relationship. In accordance with the Indonesian national defense system, the Military Reserve is designed to strengthen the Regular Military when the country faces military or hybrid threats. The Reserve formation process involves stages such as registration, selection, basic military training, and assignment. Each stage generates stimuli that are responded to by Reserve, leading to behavioral changes in line with the expected standards. This research adopts the Classical Conditioning Theory introduced by Ivan Pavlov, positing that Conditioned Response (CR) can be formed when a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is presented simultaneously with an Unconditioned Stimulus (US). However, CR tends to decrease over time. Time Perspective, introduced by Phillip Zimbardo, is assumed to moderate this relationship. The study was conducted on 504 Reserve formed in 2021 in five Military Regional Commands using a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional survey design. Data were analyzed using t-tests and F-tests with IBM SPSS Ver. 27 software. The results indicate that stimuli received during the registration, basic military training, and assignment stages significantly and positively influence the expected attitudes and behaviors of Reserve. However, stimuli during the selection stage do not exert a significant impact. Additionally, Time Perspective proves to play a role as a moderator that can enhance or diminish changes in Reserve behavior, serving simultaneously as a factor that can impede or accelerate the decline of CR.