Beyond the Classroom: Socioeconomic and Community Factors Shaping Educational Attainment
Keywords:
Educational Attainment; Poverty Rate; Median Household Income; Broadband Access; Library Visits; Unemployment Rate; Socioeconomic Factors; Community Factors
Abstract
This study assesses the correlation between unemployment rate, poverty rate, median household income, broadband subscription, library visits, and education attainment to gain insight into the relationship between socioeconomic and community-level factors and education outcomes. The main research objective of this study is to see if these factors account for any disparities in education attainment between states between 2014 and 2024. A quantitative correlational research design was employed using state-level secondary data and examining the relationships using scatter plots, correlation analysis, multiple linear regression and diagnostic testing. The findings indicate that there is a positive association between median household income and library visits, and a negative association between poverty rate and educational attainment. Unemployment rate and library visits don’t have significant relationships with educational attainment. The results for broadband show a more complex picture: There is a positive simple correlation between broadband and educational attainment, but the regression coefficient is negative once other factors are entered. The outcome illustrates that there are interrelated economic, digital and public-resource influences on educational attainment. This research is a contribution to the existing research by considering correlated variables that are less frequently studied but are important to the study such as library visits and broadband subscription along with the commonly studied variables.
References
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Roring, G. D. J., & Rondonuwu, D. B. (2022). The effect of education and unemployment rate on poverty rate of 4 cities in North Sulawesi. Journal of International Conference Proceedings, 5(2), 212–221. https://doi.org/10.32535/jicp.v5i2.1686
Liswanda, S., Oktavia, R., & Zuhra, R. (2024). Digital Literacy in Mediating the Influence of Education, Demography, Employment on Poverty. Jurnal Aplikasi Statistika & Komputasi Statistik, 16(1), 15–31. https://doi.org/10.34123/jurnalasks.v16i1.666
Putri, A., Rahmasari, F., & Fran, F. (2023). Confronting the Duality of Unemployment and Education: Breaking the Cycle of Poverty in West Kalimantan. Jurnal Forum Analisis Statistik (FORMASI). https://doi.org/10.57059/formasi.v3i1.48
Zulfalinda, A., Damayanti, A., Zulfalinda, A., & Damayanti, A. (2025). Analysis of the Effect of Open Unemployment Rate, Poverty Rate, and Economic Growth on the Human Development Index (HDI). Journal of Business Management and Economic Development, 3(03), 1078–1091. https://doi.org/10.59653/jbmed.v3i03.1987
Suriandhi, D., & Wonatta, F. M. (2025). The Effect of Education Level and Open Unemployment on Poverty in Banten Province from 2019 to 2023. Jurnal Economic Resource, 8(2), 1597–1603. https://doi.org/10.57178/jer.v8i2.1846
Sugandha, A., & Rioke, R. (2022). Analisis Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kemiskinan Di Kabupaten Banyumas. Perwira Journal of Science and Engineering, 2(2), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.54199/pjse.v2i2.135
Pradana, M. A. W., Sabandi, M., & Wardani, D. P. C. K. (2026). Pengaruh Rata-Rata Lama Sekolah dan Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan di Kabupaten Brebes Tahun 2014–2024. Aksioma: Jurnal Matematika Dan Pendidikan Matematika. https://doi.org/10.62335/aksioma.v3i1.2225
Firdaus, H., Navilah, I., & Sudrajat, A. (2024). Influence Unemployment and Education Against Poverty in the District Brebes 2008-2022. Cirebon International Journal of Economics and Business, 2(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.70095/cijeb.v2i1.117
Roring, G. D. J., & Rondonuwu, D. B. (2022). The effect of education and unemployment rate on poverty rate of 4 cities in North Sulawesi. Journal of International Conference Proceedings, 5(2), 212–221. https://doi.org/10.32535/jicp.v5i2.1686
Links for Data Sources
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U.S. Census Bureau. (2018). S1501: Educational attainment: 2018 ACS 1-year estimates subject tables [Data table]. https://data.census.gov/chart/ACSST1Y2018.S1501?q=educational+attainment+in+2018&g=010XX00US$0400000
U.S. Census Bureau. (2017). S1501: Educational attainment: 2017 ACS 1-year estimates subject tables [Data table]. https://data.census.gov/chart/ACSST1Y2017.S1501?q=educational+attainment+in+2017&g=010XX00US$0400000
U.S. Census Bureau. (2016). S1501: Educational attainment: 2016 ACS 1-year estimates subject tables [Data table]. https://data.census.gov/chart/ACSST1Y2016.S1501?q=educational+attainment+in+2016&g=010XX00US$0400000
Ryan, C. L., & Bauman, K. (2016). Educational attainment in the United States: 2015 (Current Population Reports, P20-578). U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2016/demo/p20-578.pdf
U.S. Census Bureau. (2014). S1501: Educational attainment: 2014 ACS 1-year estimates subject tables [Data table]. https://data.census.gov/chart/ACSST1Y2014.S1501?q=educational+attainment+in+2014&g=010XX00US$0400000
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U.S. Census Bureau. (2020). S1902: Mean income in the past 12 months: 2020 ACS 5-year estimates subject tables [Data table]. https://data.census.gov/chart/ACSST5Y2020.S1902?q=median+household+income+in+2020&g=010XX00US$0400000
U.S. Census Bureau. (2019). S1902: Mean income in the past 12 months: 2019 ACS 1-year estimates subject tables [Data table]. https://data.census.gov/chart/ACSST1Y2019.S1902?q=median+household+income+in+2019&g=010XX00US$0400000
U.S. Census Bureau. (2018). S1902: Mean income in the past 12 months: 2018 ACS 1-year estimates subject tables [Data table]. https://data.census.gov/chart/ACSST1Y2018.S1902?q=median+household+income+in+2018&g=010XX00US$0400000
U.S. Census Bureau. (2017). S1902: Mean income in the past 12 months: 2017 ACS 1-year estimates subject tables [Data table]. https://data.census.gov/chart/ACSST1Y2017.S1902?q=median+household+income+in+2017&g=010XX00US$0400000
U.S. Census Bureau. (2016). S1902: Mean income in the past 12 months: 2016 ACS 1-year estimates subject tables [Data table]. https://data.census.gov/chart/ACSST1Y2016.S1902?q=median+household+income+in+2016&g=010XX00US$0400000
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Astaño, J. L. (2025). A Retrospective Causal-Comparative Study on the Influences of Household Demographics, Technological Access, and Economic Factors on Regional Basic and Functional Literacy Rates in the Philippines. Diversitas Journal. https://doi.org/10.48017/dj.v10i4.3496
Applegate, J., Chiem, P., & Sanders, C. (2014). Education and Unemployment Levels Before and After the Great Recession. https://www.smartech.gatech.edu/handle/1853/52868
Solmidawati, Nurdin, Yolanda, S., Solmidawati, Nurdin, & Yolanda, S. (2025). Pengaruh Pendidikan dan Pengangguran terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan di Kabupaten Muaro Jambi. 3(1), 1330–1338. https://doi.org/10.62710/mqvv7r24
Andini, T. D., Rohman, M. F., & Muchtar. (2026). Pengaruh Tingkat Pendidikan, Tingkat Pengangguran, Dan Tingkat Kemiskinan Terhadap Ketimpangan Pendapatan Di Kabupaten Jombang. https://doi.org/10.47233/jebs.v6i1.3765
Perţa, E., & Caragea, I. (2025). Interdependencies Between Educational Achievement, Income, And Unemployment In Romanian Counties. International Conference Knowledge Based Organization. https://doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2025-0051
Arcadipane, B. (2014). West Virginia’s low percentage of population with at least a four-year college education [Master’s thesis, Marshall University]. Marshall Digital Scholar. https://mds.marshall.edu/etd/834
Hampton, K. N., Fernandez, L., Robertson, C. T., & Bauer, J. M. (2020). Repercussions of Poor Broadband Connectivity for Students in Rural and Small Town Michigan. Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3749644
Izeogu, C. V. (2008). Child poverty and education attainment disparity in the state of Alabama, USA (1990–2006). Forum on Public Policy: A Journal of the Oxford Round Table. https://scispace.com/papers/child-poverty-and-education-attainment-disparity-in-the-5436c4rh3g
Jiang, L. (2024). The Impact of Educational Attainment on U.S. Unemployment Rates: A Regression and Log Difference Analysis. Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences, 124(1), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/2024.mur17827
Aurellia, N. C., Putri, E. F. A., Rahajuni, D., & Anggraeni, O. (2025). Pengaruh Faktor Ekonomi Terhadap Angka Putus Sekolah di Kecamatan Sumbang. Jurnal Publikasi Ekonomi Dan Akuntansi, 5(1), 84–92. https://doi.org/10.51903/jupea.v5i1.4502
Purwanti, M., Andini, D., Nasution, S., Hardiyanti, L., & Jolianis, J. (2025). Pengaruh Tingkat Pendidikan dan Pengangguran Terhadap Kemiskinan di Indonesia. JEMSI (Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen, Dan Akuntansi), 11(5), 3335–3344. https://doi.org/10.35870/jemsi.v11i5.4611
Paridah, S., & Pahlevi, K. (2023). Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Penduduk, Pengangguran dan Pendidikan Terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan Di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan Tahun 2011-2020. https://doi.org/10.20527/jiep.v6i2.11075
Pratiwi, K. S., & Saroni, C. (2023). Pengaruh PDRB, Pengangguran, dan Pendidikan Terhadap Kemiskinan Di Kabupaten Tanah Laut Tahun 2011-2021. https://doi.org/10.20527/jiep.v6i2.11088
Saraswati, N. M. D. P., & Setiawina, N. D. (2023). Analisis pengaruh faktor sosial dan ekonomi terhadap rumah tangga miskin di kabupaten gianyar tahun 2017-2021. https://doi.org/10.24843/eep.2023.v12.i04.p03
Wulandari, N. D., Desviona, N., Putri, A. D. S., & Pedrosa, D. (2025). Pengaruh Pendidikan dan Pengangguran terhadap Kemiskinan di Kota Jambi. Ebisnis Manajemen, 3(4), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.59603/ebisman.v3i4.1174
Putri, N., Nurlina, Puti, A., Zainuddin, & Jalaluddin. (2022). Pengaruh Pendidikan Dan Tingkat Pengangguran Terhadap Kemiskinan Provinsi Aceh. Jurnal Sosiohumaniora Kodepena. https://doi.org/10.54423/jsk.v3i2.109
Roring, G. D. J., & Rondonuwu, D. B. (2022). The effect of education and unemployment rate on poverty rate of 4 cities in North Sulawesi. Journal of International Conference Proceedings, 5(2), 212–221. https://doi.org/10.32535/jicp.v5i2.1686
Liswanda, S., Oktavia, R., & Zuhra, R. (2024). Digital Literacy in Mediating the Influence of Education, Demography, Employment on Poverty. Jurnal Aplikasi Statistika & Komputasi Statistik, 16(1), 15–31. https://doi.org/10.34123/jurnalasks.v16i1.666
Putri, A., Rahmasari, F., & Fran, F. (2023). Confronting the Duality of Unemployment and Education: Breaking the Cycle of Poverty in West Kalimantan. Jurnal Forum Analisis Statistik (FORMASI). https://doi.org/10.57059/formasi.v3i1.48
Zulfalinda, A., Damayanti, A., Zulfalinda, A., & Damayanti, A. (2025). Analysis of the Effect of Open Unemployment Rate, Poverty Rate, and Economic Growth on the Human Development Index (HDI). Journal of Business Management and Economic Development, 3(03), 1078–1091. https://doi.org/10.59653/jbmed.v3i03.1987
Suriandhi, D., & Wonatta, F. M. (2025). The Effect of Education Level and Open Unemployment on Poverty in Banten Province from 2019 to 2023. Jurnal Economic Resource, 8(2), 1597–1603. https://doi.org/10.57178/jer.v8i2.1846
Sugandha, A., & Rioke, R. (2022). Analisis Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kemiskinan Di Kabupaten Banyumas. Perwira Journal of Science and Engineering, 2(2), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.54199/pjse.v2i2.135
Pradana, M. A. W., Sabandi, M., & Wardani, D. P. C. K. (2026). Pengaruh Rata-Rata Lama Sekolah dan Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan di Kabupaten Brebes Tahun 2014–2024. Aksioma: Jurnal Matematika Dan Pendidikan Matematika. https://doi.org/10.62335/aksioma.v3i1.2225
Firdaus, H., Navilah, I., & Sudrajat, A. (2024). Influence Unemployment and Education Against Poverty in the District Brebes 2008-2022. Cirebon International Journal of Economics and Business, 2(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.70095/cijeb.v2i1.117
Roring, G. D. J., & Rondonuwu, D. B. (2022). The effect of education and unemployment rate on poverty rate of 4 cities in North Sulawesi. Journal of International Conference Proceedings, 5(2), 212–221. https://doi.org/10.32535/jicp.v5i2.1686
Links for Data Sources
Rhode Island Department of Labor and Training. (2025). 2024 average labor force statistics [Data set/PDF]. https://dlt.ri.gov/labor-market-information/data-center/unemployment-ratelabor-force-statistics-laus
U.S. Census Bureau. (2024). S1501: Educational attainment: 2024 ACS 1-year estimates subject tables [Data table]. https://data.census.gov/chart/ACSST1Y2024.S1501?q=Educational+Attainment&g=010XX00US$0400000&type=column
U.S. Census Bureau. (2023). S1501: Educational attainment: 2023 ACS 1-year estimates subject tables [Data table]. https://data.census.gov/chart/ACSST1Y2023.S1501?q=Educational+Attainment+2023&g=010XX00US$0400000
U.S. Census Bureau. (2022). S1501: Educational attainment: 2022 ACS 1-year estimates subject tables [Data table]. https://data.census.gov/chart/ACSST1Y2022.S1501?q=educational+attainment+in+2022&g=010XX00US$0400000
U.S. Census Bureau. (2021). S1501: Educational attainment: 2021 ACS 1-year estimates subject tables [Data table]. https://data.census.gov/chart/ACSST1Y2021.S1501?q=educational+attainment+in+2021&g=010XX00US$0400000
U.S. Census Bureau. (2020). S1501: Educational attainment: 2020 ACS 5-year estimates subject tables [Data table]. https://data.census.gov/chart/ACSST5Y2020.S1501?q=educational+attainment+in+2020&g=010XX00US$0400000
U.S. Census Bureau. (2019). S1501: Educational attainment: 2019 ACS 1-year estimates subject tables [Data table]. https://data.census.gov/chart/ACSST1Y2019.S1501?q=educational+attainment+in+2019&g=010XX00US$0400000
U.S. Census Bureau. (2018). S1501: Educational attainment: 2018 ACS 1-year estimates subject tables [Data table]. https://data.census.gov/chart/ACSST1Y2018.S1501?q=educational+attainment+in+2018&g=010XX00US$0400000
U.S. Census Bureau. (2017). S1501: Educational attainment: 2017 ACS 1-year estimates subject tables [Data table]. https://data.census.gov/chart/ACSST1Y2017.S1501?q=educational+attainment+in+2017&g=010XX00US$0400000
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Ryan, C. L., & Bauman, K. (2016). Educational attainment in the United States: 2015 (Current Population Reports, P20-578). U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2016/demo/p20-578.pdf
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Published
2026-08-06
How to Cite
Agarwal, S. (2026). Beyond the Classroom: Socioeconomic and Community Factors Shaping Educational Attainment. International Journal of Social Science Research and Review, 9(8), 162-175. https://doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v9i8.3551
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